Preventive and therapeutic significance of octreotide combined with lansoprazole on post‑ERCP pancreatitis and its effect on serum amylase, inflammatory factors and immune function
- Authors:
- Published online on: January 22, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9682
- Article Number: 251
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Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is one of the most important methods for clinical diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic diseases (1). ERCP assists in the implementation of surgeries and the ERCP indications are increasing (2). However, it is a traumatic and invasive examination that may cause pancreatitis, hyperamylasemia, hemorrhage, perforation and other complications. Among them, post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common one, with an incidence rate of 7.7-10% (3-5). PEP patients without timely treatment are prone to develop severe acute pancreatitis, which may even lead to death in severe cases (6). Therefore, avoiding its occurrence is of great significance.
Clinically, conventional drugs for the prevention and treatment of PEP and post-ERCP hyperamylasemia (PEH) include somatostatin analogs and calcium channel blockers (7,8). Octreotide is a kind of synthetic somatostatin analogue that inhibits the secretion of pituitary, pancreas and gastrointestinal hormones (9). Although some progress has been made in the prevention of PEP by octreotide, the effect of the monotherapy is still unsatisfactory (10). As a new proton pump inhibitor (PPI), lansoprazole is effective in treating the gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer (11); however, its effect on the prevention and treatment of PEP has hardly been investigated. In addition, inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), increase gradually in the early stages of pancreatitis. TNF-α activates the lysozyme system, thus damaging pancreatic cells and participating in the progression of pancreatitis (12,13). Moreover, surgical trauma and anesthesia may cause disorders of the immune function, and low immune function is closely related to the development of pancreatitis (14).
Up to our knowledge, only a few previous studies have been reported on the preventive and therapeutic effects of octreotide combined with lansoprazole on PEP. Therefore, in the present study, the combination therapy was used to treat patients undergoing ERCP in order to explore its effects on PEP, serum amylase (AMS), inflammatory factors and immune function.
Patients and methods
General data
In this observational study, a total of 132 patients who underwent ERCP in Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing, China) from March, 2012 to June, 2015 were enrolled and allocated into two groups: The study group (treated with octreotide plus lansoprazole, 68 cases) and the control group (treated with octreotide alone, 64 cases). In the study group, there were 37 male and 31 female patients, aged 24-75 years with an average age of 59.4±10.1 years. In the control group, there were 36 male and 28 female patients, aged 22-74 years with an average age of 58.1±9.8 years. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shaoxing People's Hospital (1536-40-16). Signed written informed consents were obtained from the patients and/or guardians.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Patients who met the ERCP indications and the study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement guidelines; patients with complete clinical data, and aged 22-75 years. Exclusion criteria: Patients with surgical and anesthetic intolerance, or contraindications to drugs applied in this treatment; patients with previous hyperamylasemia or pancreatitis; patients receiving anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and non-steroidal anti-infection drugs in the past month; patients with abnormal coagulation function; patients with cognitive dysfunction and mental diseases; patients complicated with digestive tract ulcer, heart failure, respiratory failure, malignant tumor, hemorrhage, perforation, severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, connective tissue diseases, or liver and kidney dysfunctions.
Treatment methods
All patients received routine intramuscular injection of 10 mg of scopolamine (H41021048; Zhengzhou Suicheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), 50 mg of pethidine (H63020021; Qinghai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), 10 mg of diazepam (H31021864; Shanghai Xudong Haipu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and 50 mg of propofol (H20030115; Sichuan Guorui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) before ERCP for intravenous anesthesia. Oxygen inhalation, oxygen saturation and electrocardiogram monitoring were also performed. The ERCP was conducted by physicians in accordance with the standard manual. After ERCP, rehydration, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory and other supportive treatments were given. A total of 0.1 mg of octreotide (H120150364; Swiss Novartis Pharma Stein AG) was administered subcutaneously 1 h after ERCP, followed by 0.1 mg every 8 h for 3 times. On this basis, the patients in the study group were given intravenous drip of 30 mg of lansoprazole (H20100055; Shandong Luoxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and 0.9% normal saline (100 ml) 1 h after ERCP, twice per day. The drip was completed within 30 min and the treatment was carried out for 7 consecutive days.
Evaluation indices
The incidence rates of PEP and PEH in the two groups were recorded. According to the diagnostic criteria of Ilone and Fauzi (15), patients with abdominal pain and tenderness at 2 h after ERCP, AMS levels >3 times higher than the normal upper limit, typical pancreatitis-like abdominal pain over 24 h and severe pain requiring hospitalization were diagnosed with PEP. PEH was diagnosed in patients whose serum AMS levels exceeded the normal value without the above clinical signs. The symptom disappearance time and hospital stay in the two groups were recorded.
Outcome measures
A total of 3 ml of venous blood were drawn before treatment, and at 6 and 24 h after treatment, respectively, and placed in vacuum tubes without anticoagulant. Additional 3-ml samples were collected 24 h after treatment and placed in a vacuum tube containing EDTA.
DxC 600 automatic biochemical analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc.) was used to detect AMS (702; Beijing Bioassay Technology Laboratory) levels before treatment, and at 6 and 24 h after treatment.
The levels of serum IL-17 and TNF-α in the two groups, before treatment and at 24 h after treatment, were measured by ELISA (kits purchased from Shanghai Xinfan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; XF-HUMAN-0979 and XF-HUMAN-1140) (16). A standard well, a testing well and a blank control well (with no sample and ELISA kit) were set up. A 2-fold diluted standard (50 µl) was added into the standard well and 50 µl of sample were added into the testing well. After the addition of 50 µl of diluted antibody to each well, the plate was sealed and incubated for 2 h. Next, the liquid in each well was discarded, the well was repeatedly washed for 6 times and dried. A total of 100 µl of diluted horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin were added to each well and the plate was incubated for 45 min. The liquid in each well was then discarded, the well was repeatedly washed for 6 times and dried. Afterwards, 100 µl of chromogenic substrate TMB solution were added to each well and incubated in the dark for 5 min. Finally, 100 µl of stop solution were added. The optical density was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm using Multiskan MK3 microplate reader (Shanghai Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the IL-17 and TNF-α levels were measured.
FACSCanto flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) was employed to detect the T-lymphocyte population in peripheral blood before treatment and at 24 h after treatment. A total of 20 µl from 1 ml of EDTA-treated peripheral venous blood was added into an Tru COUNT tube containing known quantities of freeze-dried standard fluorescent microspheres. The mixture was incubated with mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE): Anti-CD3-PE, anti-CD4-FITC, anti-CD8-PE (Shanghai Hengfei Biological Technology Co., Ltd.; cat. nos. 130-103-130, 130-109-536, 130-098-078, 5 µl each) in the dark at room temperature for 15 min. Following a reaction with red blood cell lysate (450 µl) for 15 min, a flow cytometer was used to measure the sample and CELLQUEST software (Becton-Dickinson) was used to analyze the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 22.0 software (Guangzhou Coslan Instrument Co., Ltd.) was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Measurement data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD), and the intergroup comparison was conducted by independent samples t-test, whereas the intragroup comparison was conducted by paired t-test. Count data were expressed by the number of cases and percentage [n (%)] and the intergroup comparison between groups was conducted by Chi-square test. The data of multiple time points were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, and LSD-t-test was the post-hoc text used for pairwise comparisons. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Patient general data in the two groups
There was no significant difference in sex, age, body mass index (BMI), disease type, ERCP duration, hypertension, diabetes, duodenal diverticulum, smoking history, drinking history, balloon dilatation, white blood cells, platelets and residence between the two groups (P>0.05; Table I).
Serum AMS levels in the two groups at different time points
In the study group, the serum AMS levels before treatment, at 6 and 24 h after treatment were 59.24±17.02, 104.32±20.31 and 97.12±14.32 U/l, respectively, whereas those in the control group were 58.74±15.32, 183.65±17.43 and 166.32±21.53 U/l, respectively. Thus, the serum AMS levels in the two groups at 6 h after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.001). The levels decreased significantly at 24 h after treatment compared with those at 6 h after treatment (P<0.001); however, they remained higher than those before treatment (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in serum AMS levels between the study and the control group before treatment (P>0.05). AMS expression in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 6 and 24 h after treatment (P<0.001). Data are shown in Fig. 1.
Incidence of PEP and PEH in the two groups
In the study group, PEP occurred in 1 case (1.47%) and PEH occurred in 12 cases (17.65%). In the control group, PEP occurred in 6 cases (9.38%) and PEH in 23 cases (35.94%). The incidence of postoperative PEP and PEH in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Data are presented in Table II.
Serum IL-17 levels in the two groups before and after treatment
The serum IL-17 levels in the study group before and at 24 h after treatment were 6.62±2.31 and 7.51±2.04 pg/ml, respectively. In the control group, IL-17 levels were 6.45±2.58 and 9.04±2.75 pg/ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in serum IL-17 levels between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). At 24 h after treatment, the IL-17 expression was significantly increased in both groups (P<0.05), and in the study group, IL-17 expression was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.001). Data are shown in Fig. 2.
Serum TNF-α levels in the two groups before and after treatment
The serum TNF-α levels in the study group were 74.35±25.72 pg/ml before treatment and 82.29±17.18 pg/ml at 24 h after treatment, whereas in the control group were 76.13±18.91 and 89.73±24.32 pg/ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in serum TNF-α levels between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the TNF-α expression was significantly increased in both groups (P<0.05), and in the study group, TNF-α expression was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Data are shown in Fig. 3.
T-lymphocyte population in the two groups before and after treatment
There was no significant difference in the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in peripheral blood between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). At 24 h after treatment, the values of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ in both groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05) (Table III and Fig. 4).
 | Table IIIComparison of T-lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood between the two groups (mean ± SD). |
Symptom disappearance time and hospital stay in the two groups
The symptom disappearance time and hospital stay in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001) (Table IV).
Discussion
ERCP is an important method for the treatment of biliary and pancreatic diseases that not only cures the disease, but also relieves the pain of patients caused by surgical trauma to the greatest extent (17). However, even with the continuous development of ERCP technology, patients still suffer from PEP, PEH and other complications (18).
Previous studies on octreotide in the prevention of PEP are numerous. For example, Thomopoulos et al (19) have pointed out that octreotide may reduce the incidence of PEP. Moreover, in a multi-center randomized controlled trial by Bai et al (20), prophylactic use of somatostatin (octreotide) was shown to decrease the incidence of PEP. However, Binmoeller et al (21) showed that octreotide may have no preventive effect on PEP. The development of PEP is closely related to the increase of gastric acid. Abnormally increased gastric acid enters the inner wall of small intestine and duodenum, resulting in high pressure in pancreatic duct, leading to edema and necrosis of pancreas (22). Therefore, inhibiting gastric acid secretion may also be the key to prevent PEP (23). Lansoprazole is a PPI, another clinical drug to prevent PEP, that is widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcer and other acid-related gastrointestinal diseases by reducing gastric acid secretion (24). Up to our knowledge, there has been no previous report on the prevention and treatment of PEP by octreotide combined with lansoprazole. The results of the present study revealed that the AMS levels in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at 6 and 24 h after ERCP, and the incidence of PEP and PEH, symptom disappearance time and hospital stay in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group. These indicate that octreotide combined with lansoprazole reduces AMS levels and the incidence of PEP, and accelerates patient recovery. The study of Yoo et al (25) showed that PPIs have no effect on the clinical progress of acute pancreatitis. In addition, in the study of Alhazzani et al (26), PPIs and histamine 2 receptor antagonists were reported to prevent stress ulcer in critically ill patients. This suggests that lansoprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion, leading to the reduction of pancreatin and pancreatic secretion (27), thus decreasing the incidence of PEP. Therefore, octreotide combined with lansoprazole plays a preventive role in PEP.
The release and activation of inflammatory cytokines are not only a significant cause of pancreatitis, but also an important factor of pancreatic tissue necrosis and organ dysfunction (28). Pancreatitis increases the release of some inflammatory cytokines and leads to the over-release of IL-17, TNF-α and other pro-inflammatory cytokines (29). Previous studies have shown that IL-17 and TNF-α are overexpressed in the early stages of pancreatitis, and their levels are closely related to the severity of the disease (27,30). In the present study, the levels of serum IL-17 and TNF-α in the study and the control groups after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment, and the levels in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group after treatment. These results indicate that inhibition of inflammatory cytokines may be one of the mechanisms of octreotide combined with lansoprazole in preventing and treating PEP. In the study of Wang et al (31), the levels of AMS and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in serum were significantly increased after ERCP. However, compared with octreotide monotherapy, the above levels in patients treated with octreotide combined with indomethacin were significantly decreased. Hackert et al (32) revealed that PPIs are anti-inflammatory and can reduce the progression of pancreatitis, inflammation and the expression of adhesion proteins. Therefore, inhibition of inflammatory factors may be one of its therapeutic mechanisms.
Moreover, there is an imbalance in the immune function of patients with pancreatitis, and the disorder of immune function can further induce macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory response in the early stage of pancreatitis (33). T-lymphocyte subsets are vital effector cells reflecting the immune function of the body and changes in their percentages often reflect changes in the immune function of the patients (34). T-lymphocyte subsets are separated into CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells according to the difference of surface CD molecules. In the present study, the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the two groups after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment, and in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group. These results suggest that octreotide combined with lansoprazole improved the disordered immune function induced by ERCP. Vaidya et al (35) reported that octreotide has no effect on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, whereas the research of Larussa et al (36) confirmed that lansoprazole regulates Th1/Th2 immune response of human gastric mucosa, thus improving the clinical symptoms of gastritis patients. Because lansoprazole inhibits inflammatory cytokines and reduces their release, it has a protective effect on the immune function. However, the mechanism need to be further investigated.
The present study confirmed that octreotide combined with lansoprazole has preventive and therapeutic effects on PEP and can improve the inflammatory factors and immune function of patients. However, there are still several limitations. For example, no randomized control trials were performed, leading to biases in our results. Besides, only changes in IL-17 and TNF-α were measured. In addition, lansoprazole has been reported to induce side effects, such as hypomagnesemia (37), which was not mentioned in our study. These limitations will be addressed in future studies to corroborate the conclusions of the present study.
In conclusion, octreotide combined with lansoprazole reduces serum AMS levels and the incidence of PEP, and also alleviates inflammation while improving the patients' immune function.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The study is part of the Project ‘Clinical Study of Indomethacin Combined with Pancreatic Duct Stent in the Prevention of Hyperamylasemia’ (no. 2017B70034), supported by the Shaoxing Science and Technology Bureau, Shaoxing People's Hospital and the Shaoxing Health and Family Planning Commission.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
ZC, HF, JF and JY conceived and designed the study. ZC, XZ, BC and TD were responsible for the data acquisition and analysis. HF, JF and XZ were responsible for the interpretation of the data and the drafting of the manuscript. ZC and HF revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing, China) (1536-40-16). Signed written informed consents were obtained from the patients and/or guardians.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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