Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 21 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 21 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

  • Authors:
    • Yunda Zhang
    • Zhao Gao
    • Ximei Zhang
    • Zhigang  Yuan
    • Tao  Ma
    • Gaiyun Li
    • Xiaohong Gao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Vitreoretinopathy, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 332
    |
    Published online on: February 8, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9763
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of anti‑VEGF treatment prior to eye surgery to reduce intraoperative bleeding. A total of 30 patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy after clinical diagnosis were enrolled in the present study as the surgical group. Furthermore, 30 patients underwent intravitreal injection of the anti‑VEGF drug conbercept and were considered the drug pretreatment group. The aqueous and vitreous humors from the eyes of patients in the surgical group were drawn during pars plana vitrectomy surgery. The aqueous humor in the eyes of patients in the drug pretreatment group was drawn prior to conbercept treatment and seven days after conbercept treatment immediately prior to surgery. The vitreous humor in this group was only taken during surgery. Furthermore, ELISA was used to detect the levels of VEGF‑A and ‑B in the aqueous and vitreous humors. Semi‑quantitative determination of VEGF‑A and VEGF‑B levels in fibrovascular proliferative membranes was performed using immunohistochemical staining. The results indicated that in the drug group, the levels of VEGF‑A in the aqueous humor of patients prior to and after conbercept injection were 197.66±48.00 and 3.39±2.54 pg/ml, respectively. The levels of VEGF‑A in the vitreous humor of patients in the surgical and drug groups were 267.53±179.60 and 21.43±5.81 pg/ml after injection, respectively. The levels of VEGF‑B in the aqueous humor of patients prior to and after conbercept injection were 13.66±3.30 (before injection) and 2.17±0.94 pg/ml (after injection), respectively. The levels of VEGF‑B in the vitreous humor of patients in the surgical and drug groups were 127.36±16.72 and 18.56±9.82 pg/ml after injection, respectively (P<0.05). Furthermore, in the drug group, the surgery time, bleeding and capillary formation were significantly reduced compared with those in the surgical group. Taken together, these results suggested that the levels of VEGF‑A and ‑B decreased significantly in the aqueous humor of patients with PDR after conbercept injection. Furthermore, the levels of VEGF‑A and ‑B in the vitreous humor of patients dropped significantly in the drug group compared with those in the surgical group. These results provide theoretical clinical support for the preoperative application of conbercept for patients with PDR.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Dehdashtian E, Mehrzadi S, Yousefi B, Hosseinzadeh A, Reiter RJ, Safa M, Ghaznavi H and Naseripour M: Diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and the ameliorating effects of melatonin; involvement of autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress. Life Sci. 193:20–33. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, Chen SJ, Dekker JM, Fletcher A, Grauslund J, et al: Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 35:556–564. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL III, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, Dills D, Kampik A, Pararajasegaram R, Verdaguer JT, et al: Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 110:1677–1682. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Hershberger VS, Augsburger JJ, Hutchins RK, Raymond LA and Krug S: Fibrovascular ingrowth at sclerotomy sites in vitrectomized diabetic eyes with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage: Ultrasound biomicroscopy findings. Ophthalmology. 111:1215–1221. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Lang GE: Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmologica. 227 (Suppl 1):S21–S29. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Waisbourd M, Goldstein M and Loewenstein A: Treatment of diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF drugs. Acta Ophthalmol. 89:203–207. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Nicholson BP and Schachat AP: A review of clinical trials of anti-VEGF agents for diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 248:915–930. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Brown DM, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Do DV, Holz FG, Boyer DS, Midena E, Heier JS, Terasaki H, Kaiser PK, Marcus DM, et al: Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 100-week results from the VISTA and VIVID studies. Ophthalmology. 122:2044–2052. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Ciulla TA, Amador AG and Zinman B: Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: Pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies. Diabetes Care. 26:2653–2664. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Grauslund J, Green A and Sjolie AK: Prevalence and 25 year incidence of proliferative retinopathy among Danish type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 52:1829–1835. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Yang X, Xu J, Wang R, Mei Y, Lei H, Liu J, Zhang T and Zhao H: A randomized controlled trial of conbercept pretreatment before vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Ophthalmol. 2016(2473234)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Tetikoglu M, Yuksel Z, Aktas S, Sagdik HM and Ozcura F: VEGF-A gene polymorphisms and responses to intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol. 38:2381–2388. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Mesquita J, Castro de Sousa J, Vaz-Pereira S, Neves A, Tavares-Ratado P, M Santos F, A Passarinha L and T Tomaz C: VEGF-B levels in the vitreous of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with ocular diseases and its correlation with structural parameters. Med Sci (Basel). 5(17)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Ahn J, Woo SJ, Chung H and Park KH: The effect of adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab for preventing postvitrectomy hemorrhage in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 118:2218–2226. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Yeh PT, Yang CM, Lin YC, Chen MS and Yang CH: Bevacizumab pretreatment in vitrectomy with silicone oil for severe diabetic retinopathy. Retina. 29:768–774. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Pan GD, Yang JQ, Yan LN, Chu GP, Liu Q, Xiao Y and Yuan L: Reversal of multi-drug resistance by pSUPER-shRNA-mdr1 in vivo and in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 15:431–440. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Takahashi S: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors and their inhibitors for antiangiogenic tumor therapy. Biol Pharm Bull. 34:1785–1788. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Yang CM, Yeh PT, Yang CH and Chen MS: Bevacizumab pretreatment and long-acting gas infusion on vitreous clear-up after diabetic vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 146:211–217. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Folkman J: Angiogenesis: An organizing principle for drug discovery? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 6:273–286. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Tolentino MJ, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Chatzistefanou K, Ferrara N and Adamis AP: Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate. Arch Ophthalmol. 114:964–970. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Ferrone PJ and Jonisch J: Comparison of ranibizumab 0.5 mg versus 1.0 mg for the treatment of patients with clinically significant diabetic macular edema: A randomized, clinical trial. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 47:536–543. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Dong F, Yu C, Ding H, Shen L and Lou D: Evaluation of intravitreal ranibizumab on the surgical outcome for diabetic retinopathy with tractional retinal detachment. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(e2731)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Arevalo JF, Lasave AF, Kozak I, Al Rashaed S, Al Kahtani E, Maia M, Farah ME, Cutolo C, Brito M, Osorio C, et al: Preoperative bevacizumab for tractional retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 207:279–287. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Zhang F, Tang Z, Hou X, Lennartsson J, Li Y, Koch AW, Scotney P, Lee C, Arjunan P, Dong L, et al: VEGF-B is dispensable for blood vessel growth but critical for their survival, and VEGF-B targeting inhibits pathological angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:6152–6157. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Zhong X, Huang H, Shen J, Zacchigna S, Zentilin L, Giacca M and Vinores SA: Vascular endothelial growth factor-B gene transfer exacerbates retinal and choroidal neovascularization and vasopermeability without promoting inflammation. Mol Vis. 17:492–507. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Puddu A, Sanguineti R, Traverso CE, Viviani GL and Nicolo M: Response to anti-VEGF-A treatment of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Eur J Ophthalmol. 26:425–430. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Puddu A, Sanguineti R, Traverso CE, Viviani GL and Nicolo M: Response to anti-VEGF-A treatment of endothelial cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res. 146:128–136. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Wafai R, Tudor EM, Angus JA and Wright CE: Vascular effects of FGF-2 and VEGF-B in rabbits with bilateral hind limb ischemia. J Vasc Res. 46:45–54. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Rissanen TT, Markkanen JE, Gruchala M, Heikura T, Puranen A, Kettunen MI, Kholová I, Kauppinen RA, Achen MG, Stacker SA, et al: VEGF-D is the strongest angiogenic and lymphangiogenic effector among VEGFs delivered into skeletal muscle via adenoviruses. Circ Res. 92:1098–1106. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Zhang X, Wu J, Wu C, Bian AL, Geng S and Dai RP: Comparison of aqueous humor levels of PlGF and VEGF in proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after intravitreal conbercept injection. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 162(108083)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Torres-Soriano ME, Reyna-Castelan E, Herna´ndez-Rojas M, Garcıa-Aguirre G, Kon-Jara V, Diaz-Rubio JL, Guerrero-Naranjo JL, Jimenez-Sierra JM and Quiroz-Mercado H: Tractional retinal detachment after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 3:70–73. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Simo R, Sundstrom JM and Antonetti DA: Ocular Anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic retinopathy: The role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 37:893–899. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Spilsbury K, Garrett KL, Shen WY, Constable IJ and Rakoczy PE: Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Am J Pathol. 157:135–144. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Y, Gao Z, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Ma T, Li G and Gao X: Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Exp Ther Med 21: 332, 2021.
APA
Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ma, T., Li, G., & Gao, X. (2021). Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 332. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9763
MLA
Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ma, T., Li, G., Gao, X."Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.4 (2021): 332.
Chicago
Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ma, T., Li, G., Gao, X."Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 4 (2021): 332. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9763
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Y, Gao Z, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Ma T, Li G and Gao X: Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Exp Ther Med 21: 332, 2021.
APA
Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ma, T., Li, G., & Gao, X. (2021). Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 332. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9763
MLA
Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ma, T., Li, G., Gao, X."Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.4 (2021): 332.
Chicago
Zhang, Y., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ma, T., Li, G., Gao, X."Effect of intravitreal conbercept injection on VEGF‑A and ‑B levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 4 (2021): 332. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9763
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team