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Introduction

Elephantiasis nostras refers to severe lymphedema and is often associated with characteristic skin changes, such as ulceration, deep folds, hyperkeratosis and a cobblestone appearance (1,2). This latter feature is likely to be responsible for the designation ‘verrucosa’ sometimes used in the name of this disorder. Elephantiasis nostras is typically difficult to treat and a variety of modalities, including compressive stockings, surgery, manual lymph drainage, pressure devices and drug therapy have been tried (3-6). Since lymphedema implies an accumulation of protein-rich fluid, as opposed to simple fluid accumulation of edema, diuretics tend to be of little use (7).

Apocynum cannabinum, also popularly known as dogbane/indian hemp, is a poisonous herb that has been used by native tribes for a variety of purposes and is also used in homeopathy for the treatment of edema (8-10).

The present study reported a case of elephantiasis nostras of 3-4 years duration treated successfully with combined furosemide and homeopathic Apocynum cannabinum.

Case report

A 72-year old woman presented with a 3 to 4-year history of massive pedal edema. It had begun on the right leg progressing afterwards to involve the left leg. There was no history of infections, cardiac, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease elicited.

Subsequent blood tests revealed slight anemia, renal impairment with hypoalbuminemia and raised creatinine and uric acid. The patient was housebound and cared for by her sister. Thus, more comprehensive tests were not possible. She had been on furosemide 80 mg/day, with no improvement of her elephantiasis nostras.

Examination showed marked elephantiasis with limb diameters of 68/46 cm (right mid-calf/ankle) and 67/43 cm (left mid-calf/ankle). There was also marked erythema, oozing and excoriation of the legs with deep folds and creases. Photographic documentation was carried out with informed consent from the patient (Figs. 1 and 2).

Figure 1 Image of the right leg, showing massive edema with deep folds, exudation, erythema and cobblestone appearance, more prominent than the left leg.

Figure 2 Image of the left leg, presenting massive edema with deep folds, exudation, erythema and cobblestone appearance.

The patient was prescribed 120 mg of furosemide daily and the homeopathic medicine Apocynum cannabinum at CH30 potency, t.d.s., as well as daily povidone iodine dressing for her legs. Compressive stockings could not be used due to unavailability of a corresponding fit.

The oozing and erythema gradually reduced and her leg diameter decreased (Fig. 3).

Figure 3 Images of both legs with diminished edema, erythema, exudation and shallower skin folds.

Table I presents the gradual decrease in limb diameter at ~8-week intervals. At 12 months of treatment, limb diameters were 63/42 cm for right mid-calf/ankle and 65/41 cm for left mid-calf/ankle with minimal oozing. At 18 months of treatment, leg diameters were 46/35 cm for right and 48/36 cm for left mid-calf/ankle areas, with improvement in skin appearance (Fig. 4).

Figure 4 Images of both legs with minimal edema, folds, cobblestone appearance and erythema ameliorated.

Table I Changes in leg diameters in the patient treated with furosemide combined with homeopathic Apocynum cannabinum over time.

Table I

Changes in leg diameters in the patient treated with furosemide combined with homeopathic Apocynum cannabinum over time.

	Diameter, cm
Date	Left mid-leg	Left ankle	Right mid-leg	Right ankle
May 10th, 2014	67.0	43.0	68.0	46.0
June 13th, 2014	66.0	46.0	67.0	46.0
July 26th, 2014	67.5	45.0	70.0	47.0
September 13th, 2014	64.5	46.0	67.0	46.0
October 4th, 2014	65.0	43.0	65.5	45.5
November 29th, 2014	64.0	43.0	64.5	45.0
February 7th, 2015	63.5	38.5	63.0	42.0
April 4th, 2015	62.0	41.0	62.0	42.0
Mat 16th, 2015	65.0	41.0	63.0	42.0
July 17th, 2015	-	-	-	-
September 12th, 2015	50.0	38.0	48.0	38.0
November 7th, 2015	48.0	36.0	46.0	35.0
January 8th, 2016	48.0	36.0	47.5	39.0
April 12th, 2016	52.0	41.0	47.0	39.0

The patient was subsequently able to be ambulatory and to take short walks around her apartment block or up and down the communal stairs, as the weather permitted.

An increase in limb diameters was observed at 23 months (Table I), which followed the death of her sister who was taking care of her. The patient had been brought for this visit by her nephew, became lost to follow up after this visit and was later reported as deceased.

Discussion

In this difficult-to-treat disorder, elephantiasis nostras, which is not known for spontaneous remission, the combination of furosemide 120 mg/day and Apocynum cannabinum at CH30, t.d.s. was very valuable in the treatment of our patient. Patient's improvement was slow and the reduction in limb size over time was gradual and incremental (Table I), each cm reduction in diameter implying a large reduction in edema, which could be observed clinically as significant improvement over the entire limb. The improvement of the appearance of the limbs, such as the disappearance of the cobblestone appearance and the deep folds, as well as the healing of the excoriations and oozing, led to improvement of the quality of life of the patient.

Elephantiasis nostras is a chronic condition characterized by lymphedema and that has numerous possible causes (1,2). Many types of treatments have been tried, including benzopyrones, retinoids, selenium, surgery, laser therapy, manual therapy, and compressive therapy (3-6), which have varying effects. Stem cell treatment has also shown promising results and diuretics are not considered effective (1,7). Treatment of this disease aims to reduce disability, thus alleviating the psychological distress associated with the condition, and to manage comorbidities (1,7).

Elephantiasis nostras is not usually responsive to diuretic therapy as lymphedema, and unlike simple edema, it is characterized by a high amount of proteins in the extracellular space, due to impairment of lymphatic function (3,7,11). The patient from the present study was already on furosemide and it was thought that no benefit would be gained from its removal, but that there might be some gain from an increased dosage (bearing in mind the patient's underlying renal insufficiency), together with the use of homeopathic Appocynum cannabinum. Diuretics, aside from being apparently futile in this disorder, might sometimes predispose to non-melanoma skin cancer, like in the case of hydrochlorothiazide (12).

Homeopathic medicines consist of highly diluted substances, which are thought to work by stimulating the body's innate capacity for regeneration. Homeopathy is a therapeutic system established by the German physician Samuel Christian Hahnemann (1755-1843). It is based on a principle earlier advocated by Hippocrates. Although there is not yet certainty about the actual mechanism of action of homeopathy, research by the Nobel Prize laureate Professor Luc Montagner (13) suggests that highly diluted solutions, such as those used in homeopathy, might emit electromagnetic signals similar to those of the original solute. Other studies have reported that highly diluted solutions may induce the formation of nanomolecules, which can mimic the action of the original solute (14). These nanomolecules may further influence physiological processes in the human body (14). Previous case reports and case series suggested that homeopathy could be useful in a wide variety of cutaneous disorders, including acne (15,16), psoriasis (17), recalcitrant generalized lichen planus (18) and cutaneous lymphoma (19).

In summary, elephantiasis nostras is a severe form of secondary lymphedema that does not often spontaneously remit. A variety of treatments, including benzopyrones, retinoids, surgery and compression are available. These treatments should be tailored to the cause, if this one has been found, although they could potentially induce some side-effects. Elephantiasis nostras usually requires a multidisciplinary team approach and good collaboration between clinicians. Elephantiasis nostras is not thought to be responsive to diuretic therapy, as the disorder is due to accumulation of a protein-rich exudate. The patient from the present study responded well to a combination of a homeopathic medicine and high-dose furosemide. It is unlikely that any placebo effect would play a significant role in the treatment of this case.

The findings from this case report may be an opportunity to further research into the role of integrative therapeutic approaches (high-dose furosemide and homeopathy) in the therapy of lymphedema.

Acknowledgements

The present work was academically supported by the 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, Romania, through the research center - Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR; Galati, Romania).

Funding

Funding: The article processing charge (APC) was funded by 'Dunarea de Jos' University, Galati, Romania.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Authors' contributions

LN collected the data and conceived the study. LN, OB, AE and AT contributed to the drafting, writing and final correction of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethics committee of Dr Nwabudike Cabinet Medical (nr 01/06 Jan 2020). The patient provided informed consent.

Patient consent for publication

The patient consented to the use of her data in the present study.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References