Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
December-2022 Volume 24 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2022 Volume 24 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Case Report

Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the APTX gene: A case study and literature review

  • Authors:
    • Raidah Albaradie
    • Alanoud Alharbi
    • Gada Alsaffar
    • Bayader Alhamad
    • Shahid Bashir
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
  • Article Number: 709
    |
    Published online on: October 5, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11645
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cerebellar ataxia is a disorder characterized by a broad spectrum of phenotypes. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is an autosomal recessive disease presenting with early‑onset and slowly progressing cerebellar ataxia, areflexia and peripheral axonal neuropathy. Mutations in the APTX gene c.751C>T p.(His251Tyr) were detected with probable homozygosity in the APTX gene (chromosome 9) that encodes a nuclear protein called aprataxin that is involved in DNA repair. AOA1 also contributes to neuronal development and function. Ocular apraxia is most prominent in the early stages of the disease, while hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia and cognitive impairment are common symptoms in the adult stage. The present study reported the clinical features of an 8‑year‑old female patient with mutations in the APTX gene and discussed the differential diagnosis from other forms of hereditary ataxia.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Coutinho P, Barbot C and Coutinho P: Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. In: Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle;. 1993(2022)2002.

2 

Sandford E and Burmeister M: Genes and genetic testing in hereditary ataxias. Genes (Basel). 5:586–603. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Inlora J, Sailani MR, Khodadadi H, Teymurinezhad A, Takahashi S, Bernstein JA, Garshasbi M and Snyder MP: Identification of a novel mutation in the APTX gene associated with ataxia-oculomotor apraxia. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud. 3(a002014)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, Kozuka N, Uchida E, Gibson T, Mendonça P, Costa M, Barros J, Yanagisawa T, et al: The gene mutated in ataxia-ocular apraxia 1 encodes the new HIT/Zn-finger protein aprataxin. Nat Genet. 29:189–193. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Sun Y, Zheng L, Yang Y, Qian X, Fu T, Li X, Yang Z, Yan H, Cui C and Tan W: Metal-Organic framework nanocarriers for drug delivery in biomedical applications. Nanomicro Lett. 12(103)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Ahel I, Rass U, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements PM, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW and West SC: The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates. Nature. 443:713–716. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Chen R, Im H and Snyder M: Whole-Exome enrichment with the agilent sureselect human all exon platform. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2015:626–633. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E, et al: Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: A joint consensus recommendation of the American college of medical genetics and genomics and the association for molecular pathology. Genet Med. 17:405–424. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Koboldt DC: Best practices for variant calling in clinical sequencing. Genome Med. 12(91)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Date H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Iwabuchi K, Uekawa K, Igarashi S, Koike R, Hiroi T, Yuasa T, Awaya Y, et al: Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia is caused by mutations in a new HIT superfamily gene. Nat Genet. 29:184–188. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Sekijima Y, Hashimoto T, Onodera O, Date H, Okano T, Naito K, Tsuji S and Ikeda S: Severe generalized dystonia as a presentation of a patient with aprataxin gene mutation. Mov Disord. 18:1198–1200. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Zheng J, Croteau DL, Bohr VA and Akbari M: Diminished OPA1 expression and impaired mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis in Aprataxin-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 47:4086–4110. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Le Ber I, Moreira MC, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Chamayou C, Ochsner F, Kuntzer T, Tardieu M, Saïd G, Habert MO, Demarquay G, et al: Cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1: Clinical and genetic studies. Brain. 126 (Pt 12):2761–2772. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Castellotti B, Mariotti C, Rimoldi M, Fancellu R, Plumari M, Caimi S, Uziel G, Nardocci N, Moroni I, Zorzi G, et al: Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type1 (AOA1): Novel and recurrent aprataxin mutations, coenzyme Q10 analyses, and clinical findings in Italian patients. Neurogenetics. 12:193–201. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Shimazaki H, Takiyama Y, Sakoe K, Ikeguchi K, Niijima K, Kaneko J, Namekawa M, Ogawa T, Date H, Tsuji S, et al: Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia: The aprataxin gene mutations. Neurology. 59:590–595. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Tranchant C, Fleury M, Moreira MC, Koenig M and Warter JM: Phenotypic variability of aprataxin gene mutations. Neurology. 60:868–870. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Habeck M, Zühlke C, Bentele KH, Unkelbach S, Kress W, Bürk K, Schwinger E and Hellenbroich Y: Aprataxin mutations are a rare cause of early onset ataxia in Germany. J Neurol. 251:591–594. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Amouri R, Moreira MC, Zouari M, El Euch G, Barhoumi C, Kefi M, Belal S, Koenig M and Hentati F: Aprataxin gene mutations in Tunisian families. Neurology. 63:928–929. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Yan J, Qiao L, Peng H, Liu A, Wu J and Huang J: A novel missense pathogenic variant in NEFH causing rare Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2CC. Neurol Sci. 42:757–763. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Pedroso JL, Vale TC, da Costa SCG, Santos M, Alonso I and Barsottini OGP: Complex movement disorders in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1: Beyond the cerebellar syndrome. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 10(39)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Ababneh NA, Ali D, Al-Kurdi B, Sallam M, Alzibdeh AM, Salah B, Ryalat AT, Azab B, Sharrack B and Awidi A: Identification of APTX disease-causing mutation in two unrelated Jordanian families with cerebellar ataxia and sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. PLoS One. 15(e0236808)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hengel H, Buchert R, Sturm M, Haack TB, Schelling Y, Mahajnah M, Sharkia R, Azem A, Balousha G, Ghanem Z, et al: First-line exome sequencing in Palestinian and Israeli Arabs with neurological disorders is efficient and facilitates disease gene discovery. Eur J Hum Genet. 28:1034–1043. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Renaud M, Moreira MC, Ben Monga B, Rodriguez D, Debs R, Charles P, Chaouch M, Ferrat F, Laurencin C, Vercueil L, et al: Clinical, biomarker, and molecular delineations and genotype-phenotype correlations of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. JAMA Neurol. 75:495–502. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Hirano M, Matsumura R, Nakamura Y, Saigoh K, Sakamoto H, Ueno S, Inoue H and Kusunoki S: Unexpectedly mild phenotype in an ataxic family with a two-base deletion in the APTX gene. J Neurol Sci. 378:75–79. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Karimzadeh P, Khayatzadeh Kakhki S, Esmail Nejad SS, Houshmand M and Ghofrani M: Ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1 in the siblings of a family: A novel mutation. Iran J Child Neurol. 11:78–81. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

26 

van Minkelen R, Guitart M, Escofet C, Yoon G, Elfferich P, Bolman GM, van der Helm R, van de Graaf R and van den Ouweland AM: Complete APTX deletion in a patient with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. BMC Med Genet. 16(61)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Paucar M, Alonso I, Eriksson M, Beniaminov S, Coutinho P and Svenningsson P: Novel APTX mutation in a hispanic subject affected by ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2:90–92. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Nouri N, Nouri N, Aryani O, Kamalidehghan B, Sedghi M and Houshmand M: A novel mutation in the aprataxin (APTX) gene in an Iranian individual suffering early-onset ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1(AOA1) disease. Iran Biomed J. 16:223–225. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Yoon G, Westmacott R, Macmillan L, Quercia N, Koutsou P, Georghiou A, Christodoulou K and Banwell B: Complete deletion of the aprataxin gene: Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 with severe phenotype and cognitive deficit. BMJ Case Rep. 2009(bcr08.2008.0688)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Ferrarini M, Squintani G, Cavallaro T, Ferrari S, Rizzuto N and Fabrizi GM: A novel mutation of aprataxin associated with ataxia ocular apraxia type 1: Phenotypical and genotypical characterization. J Neurol Sci. 260:219–224. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Hirano M, Asai H, Kiriyama T, Furiya Y, Iwamoto T, Nishiwaki T, Yamamoto A, Mori T and Ueno S: Short half-lives of ataxia-associated aprataxin proteins in neuronal cells. Neurosci Lett. 419:184–187. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Ceyhan-Birsoy O, Murry JB, Machini K, Lebo MS, Yu TW, Fayer S, Genetti CA, Schwartz TS, Agrawal PB, Parad RB, et al: Interpretation of genomic sequencing results in healthy and Ill Newborns: Results from the babyseq project. Am J Hum Genet. 104:76–93. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Manzoor H, Bukhari I, Wajid M, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Brüggemann N, Klein C, Shi Q and Naz S: A Novel APTX variant and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. J Clin Neurol. 13:303–305. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Yokoseki A, Ishihara T, Koyama A, Shiga A, Yamada M, Suzuki C, Sekijima Y, Maruta K, Tsuchiya M, Date H, et al: Genotype-phenotype correlations in early onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminaemia. Brain. 134 (Pt 5):1387–1399. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Backenroth D, Homsy J, Murillo LR, Glessner J, Lin E, Brueckner M, Lifton R, Goldmuntz E, Chung WK and Shen Y: CANOES: Detecting rare copy number variants from whole exome sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 42(e97)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Gordeeva V, Sharova E, Babalyan K, Sultanov R, Govorun VM and Arapidi G: Benchmarking germline CNV calling tools from exome sequencing data. Sci Rep. 11(14416)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Albaradie R, Alharbi A, Alsaffar G, Alhamad B and Bashir S: Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review. Exp Ther Med 24: 709, 2022.
APA
Albaradie, R., Alharbi, A., Alsaffar, G., Alhamad, B., & Bashir, S. (2022). Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11645
MLA
Albaradie, R., Alharbi, A., Alsaffar, G., Alhamad, B., Bashir, S."Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.6 (2022): 709.
Chicago
Albaradie, R., Alharbi, A., Alsaffar, G., Alhamad, B., Bashir, S."Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 6 (2022): 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11645
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Albaradie R, Alharbi A, Alsaffar G, Alhamad B and Bashir S: Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review. Exp Ther Med 24: 709, 2022.
APA
Albaradie, R., Alharbi, A., Alsaffar, G., Alhamad, B., & Bashir, S. (2022). Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11645
MLA
Albaradie, R., Alharbi, A., Alsaffar, G., Alhamad, B., Bashir, S."Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.6 (2022): 709.
Chicago
Albaradie, R., Alharbi, A., Alsaffar, G., Alhamad, B., Bashir, S."Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 associated with mutation in the <em>APTX</em> gene: A case study and literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 6 (2022): 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11645
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team