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Para‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation

  • Authors:
    • Tian Xiao
    • Liping Yang
    • Pu Chen
    • Xiaohua Duan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 716
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    Published online on: October 11, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11652
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Abstract

Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume has been widely used for thousands of years to treat various central and peripheral nervous disorders. P‑hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA) is a chemical component of GE. However, its role and mechanism in transient focal cerebral ischemia remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of PHBA on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. A total of 56 Sprague‑Dawley male rats were randomly divided into control, model, PHBA‑high dose (PHBA‑H) and PHBA‑low dose (PHBA‑L) groups. The MCAO injury model was replicated in all rats except for the control group. In the control group, only the right common carotid artery was isolated without embolization. After treatment with PHBA, the protective effects (neurological deficit score, cerebral index, weight and cerebral infarct) were analyzed. Western blotting was performed to estimate the protein levels of Bcl‑2, Bax and Caspase‑3. Apoptotic cells were detected using hematoxylin‑eosin staining and TUNEL immunofluorescence assay. Mitochondrial oxidative stress indicators, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total superoxide dismutase (T‑SOD), while dysfunction indicators, including mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), ATP and cytochrome C oxidase, were measured using commercial kits. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed under an electron microscope. Once the model was successful established, the rats in the MCAO group suffered neurological damage (P<0.001), increased cerebral index (P<0.001), decreased body weight (P<0.001) and had severe cerebral infarction (P<0.001). Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells and the levels of ROS (P<0.001) and MDA (P<0.05) in mitochondria and the protein levels of Bax (P<0.001) and cleaved caspase‑3 (P<0.001) were increased. The activities of T‑SOD (P<0.001) and cytochrome C oxidase (P<0.001) in the mitochondria, ATP content (P<0.05) and Bcl‑2 protein level (P<0.001) decreased, MPTP was stimulated to open and mitochondrial structures were damaged (P<0.001). PHBA treatment resulted in a decrease of the neurological deficit score (PHBA‑H 24 h, P<0.001; PHBA‑H 6 h and PHBA‑L 24 h, P<0.01; PHBA‑L 6 h, P<0.05), apoptotic cell number (P<0.001), mitochondrial ROS (P<0.001) and MPTP opening (P<0.001), Bax (P<0.01, P<0.001) and cleaved caspase‑3 protein expression (P<0.001) in rats. And the expression of Bcl‑2 protein (P<0.001) was increased. In addition, the cerebral index (P<0.05), weight loss (P<0.05), infarction rate (P<0.01) and MDA content (P<0.001) were decrease in the PHBA‑H group. The level of ATP (P<0.05) and cytochrome C oxidase (P<0.05) and T‑SOD activity (P<0.05) of PHBA‑H group rats increased, but no significant difference was observed in the PHBA‑L group. Overall, PHBA had a protective effect on transient focal cerebral ischemia in normal rats, regulated the expression of Bcl‑2, Bax and cleaved caspase‑3 proteins and improved the oxidative stress and dysfunction of mitochondria.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao T, Yang L, Chen P and Duan X: <em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation. Exp Ther Med 24: 716, 2022.
APA
Xiao, T., Yang, L., Chen, P., & Duan, X. (2022). <em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 716. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11652
MLA
Xiao, T., Yang, L., Chen, P., Duan, X."<em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.6 (2022): 716.
Chicago
Xiao, T., Yang, L., Chen, P., Duan, X."<em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 6 (2022): 716. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11652
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao T, Yang L, Chen P and Duan X: <em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation. Exp Ther Med 24: 716, 2022.
APA
Xiao, T., Yang, L., Chen, P., & Duan, X. (2022). <em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 716. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11652
MLA
Xiao, T., Yang, L., Chen, P., Duan, X."<em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.6 (2022): 716.
Chicago
Xiao, T., Yang, L., Chen, P., Duan, X."<em>Para</em>‑hydroxybenzaldehyde against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats via mitochondrial preservation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 6 (2022): 716. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11652
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