Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
November-2023 Volume 26 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2023 Volume 26 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts

  • Authors:
    • Tomohisa Yoshimura
    • Chika Manabe
    • Jun-Ichiro Nagumo
    • Tohru Nagahama
    • Takashi Sato
    • Shigeru Murakami
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: R&D Laboratories, Department of Self‑Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Saitama 331‑9530, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910‑1195, Japan
    Copyright: © Yoshimura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 512
    |
    Published online on: September 20, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12211
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Taurine is a sulfur‑containing amino acid derivative that can be found in the majority of mammalian tissues. Taurine is also present in the skin and is involved in maintaining skin homeostasis by exerting osmoregulatory and antioxidant effects. Previous studies have indicated that taurine treatment is effective against age‑, ultraviolet‑ or detergent‑induced skin dysfunction. To determine the mechanism responsible for the beneficial actions of taurine in the skin, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of taurine on epidermal components (ceramides and filaggrin) and on the dermal extracellular matrix, in three‑dimensionally (3D) cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts, respectively. These cells were cultured in the presence of 3‑50 mM taurine, and cells or culture medium were collected for analysis. The effects of taurine on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the skin and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL‑1α, IL‑1β and IL‑1 receptor antagonist, were investigated in acetone‑treated 3D‑cultured epidermis using a Tewameter and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), respectively. The mRNA expression levels of MMP‑1 and hyaluronic acid (HA) production were measured in skin dermal fibroblasts using RT‑qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Taurine was found to suppress acetone‑induced elevation in TEWL in 3D‑cultured epidermis. Taurine also stimulated the mRNA expression of ceramide synthase 4 and filaggrin, a major structural protein in the stratum corneum, in 3D‑cultured epidermis. In skin dermal fibroblasts, taurine inhibited the IL‑1α‑stimulated mRNA and protein expression of MMP‑1. In addition, taurine treatment increased HA synthase‑2 mRNA expression and in turn HA production. Results from the present study suggest that the protective effect of taurine on the skin is associated with the enhancement of epidermal barrier component expression and modulation of dermal extracellular matrix metabolism.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Bouwstra JA and Ponec M: The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1758:2080–2095. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Proksch E, Brandner JM and Jensen JM: The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol. 17:1063–1072. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

van Smeden J, Janssens M, Gooris GS and Bouwstra JA: The important role of stratum corneum lipids for the cutaneous barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1841:295–313. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Rawlings AV and Harding CR: Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther. 17 (Suppl 1):S43–S48. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Kezic S and Jakasa I: Filaggrin and skin barrier function. Curr Probl Dermatol. 49:1–7. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Kirschner N and Brandner JM: Barriers and more: Functions of tight junction proteins in the skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1257:158–166. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Brandner JM: Importance of tight junctions in relation to skin barrier function. Curr Probl Dermatol. 49:27–37. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Boguniewicz M and Leung DY: Atopic dermatitis: A disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation. Immunol Rev. 242:233–246. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Ruiz Martínez MA, Peralta Galisteo S, Castán H and Morales*Hernández ME: Role of proteoglycans on skin ageing: A review. Int J Cosmet Sci. 42:529–535. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Baumann L: Skin ageing and its treatment. J Pathol. 211:241–251. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Huxtable RJ: Physiological actions of taurine. Physiol Rev. 72:101–163. 1992.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Janeke G, Siefken W, Carstensen S, Springmann G, Bleck O, Steinhart H, Höger P, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, et al: Role of taurine accumulation in keratinocyte hydration. J Invest Dermatol. 121:354–361. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Warskulat U, Reinen A, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J and Häussinger D: The osmolyte strategy of normal human keratinocytes in maintaining cell homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol. 123:516–521. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

El-Chami C, Haslam IS, Steward MC and O'Neill CA: Organic osmolytes preserve the function of the developing tight junction in ultraviolet B-irradiated rat epidermal keratinocytes. Sci Rep. 26(5167)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Yoshimura T, Manabe C, Inokuchi Y, Mutou C, Nagahama T and Murakami S: Protective effect of taurine on UVB-induced skin aging in hairless mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 141(111898)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Değim Z, Celebi N, Sayan H, Babül A, Erdoğan D and Take G: An investigation on skin wound healing in mice with a taurine-chitosan gel formulation. Amino Acids. 22:187–198. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Park S, Kim H and Kim SJ: Stimulation of ERK2 by taurine with enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 62:1107–1111. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Kojima H, Ando Y, Idehara K, Katoh M, Kosaka T, Miyaoka E, Shinoda S, Suzuki T, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshimura I, et al: Validation study of the in vitro skin irritation test with the LabCyte EPI-MODEL24. Altern Lab Anim. 40:33–50. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Anderheggen B, Jassoy C, Waldmann-Laue M, Förster T, Wadle A and Doering T: Taurine improves epidermal barrier properties stressed by surfactants-a role for osmolytes in barrier homeostasis. J Cosmet Sci. 57:1–10. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Yoshimura T, Inokuchi Y, Mutou C, Sakurai T, Nagahama T and Murakami S: Age-related decline in the taurine content of the skin in rodents. Amino Acids. 53:429–434. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Rissmann R, Oudshoorn MH, Hennink WE, Ponec M and Bouwstra JA: Skin barrier disruption by acetone: observations in a hairless mouse skin model. Arch Dermatol Res. 301:609–613. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Griswold DE, Connor JR, Dalton BJ, Lee JC, Simon P, Hillegass L, Sieg DJ and Hanna N: Activation of the IL-1 gene in UV-irradiated mouse skin: Association with inflammatory sequelae and pharmacologic intervention. J Invest Dermatol. 97:1019–1023. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Wang X, Bi Z, Chu W and Wan Y: IL-1 receptor antagonist attenuates MAP kinase/AP-1 activation and MMP1 expression in UVA-irradiated human fibroblasts induced by culture medium from UVB-irradiated human skin keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med. 16:1117–1124. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Coderch L, López O, de la Maza A and Parra JL: Ceramides and skin function. Am J Clin Dermatol. 4:107–129. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Kim Y and Lim KM: Skin barrier dysfunction and filaggrin. Arch Pharm Res. 44:36–48. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

El-Chami C, Foster AR, Johnson C, Clausen RP, Cornwell P, Haslam IS, Steward MC, Watson REB, Young HS and O'Neill CA: Organic osmolytes increase expression of specific tight junction proteins in skin and alter barrier function in keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 184:482–494. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Lambert IH: Regulation of the cellular content of the organic osmolyte taurine in mammalian cells. Neurochem Res. 29:27–63. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Bravo B, Correia P, Gonçalves Junior JE, Sant'Anna B and Kerob D: Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid for skin quality and signs of skin aging: From literature review to clinical evidence. Dermatol Ther. 35(e15903)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Itano N, Sawai T, Yoshida M, Lenas P, Yamada Y, Imagawa M, Shinomura T, Hamaguchi M, Yoshida Y, Ohnuki Y, et al: Three isoforms of mammalian hyaluronan synthases have distinct enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem. 274:25085–25092. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Jacobson A, Brinck J, Briskin MJ, Spicer AP and Heldin P: Expression of human hyaluronan synthases in response to external stimuli. Biochem J. 348:29–35. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Nyström A and Bruckner-Tuderman L: Matrix molecules and skin biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 89:136–146. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Varani J, Dame MK, Rittie L, Fligiel SE, Kang S, Fisher GJ and Voorhees JJ: Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: Roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol. 168:1861–1868. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Cole MA, Quan T, Voorhees JJ and Fisher GJ: Extracellular matrix regulation of fibroblast function: redefining our perspective on skin aging. J Cell Commun Signal. 12:35–43. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Nishimori Y, Edwards C, Pearse A, Matsumoto K, Kawai M and Marks R: Degenerative alterations of dermal collagen fiber bundles in photodamaged human skin and UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin: possible effect on decreasing skin mechanical properties and appearance of wrinkles. J Invest Dermatol. 117:1458–1463. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Sárdy M: Role of matrix metalloproteinases in skin ageing. Connect Tissue Res. 50:132–138. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Pittayapruek P, Meephansan J, Prapapan O, Komine M and Ohtsuki M: Role of matrix metalloproteinases in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 17(868)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Kim MS, Kim YK, Cho KH and Chung JH: Regulation of type I procollagen and MMP-1 expression after single or repeated exposure to infrared radiation in human skin. Mech Ageing Dev. 127:875–882. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Röck K, Grandoch M, Majora M, Krutmann J and Fischer JW: Collagen fragments inhibit hyaluronan synthesis in skin fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet B (UVB): New insights into mechanisms of matrix remodeling. J Biol Chem. 286:18268–18276. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Varani J, Warner RL, Gharaee-Kermani M, Phan SH, Kang S, Chung JH, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Fisher GJ and Voorhees JJ: Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 114:480–486. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yoshimura T, Manabe C, Nagumo J, Nagahama T, Sato T and Murakami S: Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts. Exp Ther Med 26: 512, 2023.
APA
Yoshimura, T., Manabe, C., Nagumo, J., Nagahama, T., Sato, T., & Murakami, S. (2023). Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26, 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12211
MLA
Yoshimura, T., Manabe, C., Nagumo, J., Nagahama, T., Sato, T., Murakami, S."Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26.5 (2023): 512.
Chicago
Yoshimura, T., Manabe, C., Nagumo, J., Nagahama, T., Sato, T., Murakami, S."Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26, no. 5 (2023): 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12211
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yoshimura T, Manabe C, Nagumo J, Nagahama T, Sato T and Murakami S: Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts. Exp Ther Med 26: 512, 2023.
APA
Yoshimura, T., Manabe, C., Nagumo, J., Nagahama, T., Sato, T., & Murakami, S. (2023). Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26, 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12211
MLA
Yoshimura, T., Manabe, C., Nagumo, J., Nagahama, T., Sato, T., Murakami, S."Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26.5 (2023): 512.
Chicago
Yoshimura, T., Manabe, C., Nagumo, J., Nagahama, T., Sato, T., Murakami, S."Taurine accelerates the synthesis of ceramides and hyaluronic acid in cultured epidermis and dermal fibroblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26, no. 5 (2023): 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12211
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team