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Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mo Cheng
    • Xiufeng Zheng
    • Jing Wei
    • Ming Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Cheng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 586
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    Published online on: November 3, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12285
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Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, among patients diagnosed with advanced liver cancer, HCC has the sixth‑highest incident rate, resulting in a poor prognosis. Surgery, radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the current treatment options available. Immunotherapy, which has emerged as an innovative treatment strategy over the past decade, is serving a vital role in the treatment of advanced liver cancer. Since only a small number of individuals can benefit from immunotherapy, biomarkers are required to help clinicians identify the target populations for this precision medicine. These biomarkers, such as PD‑1/PD‑L1, tumor mutational burden and circulating tumor DNA, can be used to investigate interactions between immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumors. The present review summarizes information on the currently available biomarkers used for immunotherapy and the challenges that are present.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cheng M, Zheng X, Wei J and Liu M: Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Exp Ther Med 26: 586, 2023.
APA
Cheng, M., Zheng, X., Wei, J., & Liu, M. (2023). Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26, 586. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12285
MLA
Cheng, M., Zheng, X., Wei, J., Liu, M."Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26.6 (2023): 586.
Chicago
Cheng, M., Zheng, X., Wei, J., Liu, M."Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26, no. 6 (2023): 586. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12285
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cheng M, Zheng X, Wei J and Liu M: Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Exp Ther Med 26: 586, 2023.
APA
Cheng, M., Zheng, X., Wei, J., & Liu, M. (2023). Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26, 586. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12285
MLA
Cheng, M., Zheng, X., Wei, J., Liu, M."Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26.6 (2023): 586.
Chicago
Cheng, M., Zheng, X., Wei, J., Liu, M."Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26, no. 6 (2023): 586. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12285
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