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Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units

  • Authors:
    • Sidika Genc
    • Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
    • Muhammet E. Naldan
    • Oktay Gülcü
    • Cüneyt Caglayan
    • Marios Spanakis
    • Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis
    • Athanasios Alegakis
    • Anca Oana Docea
    • Andrei Ioan Drocas
    • Radu Mitrut
    • Eleftheria Hatzidaki
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Aristidis Tsatsakis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey, Department of Cardiology, Educational and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey, Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania, Department of Urology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania, Department of Cardiology, University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest 050098, Romania, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
    Copyright: © Genc et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 82
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    Published online on: January 4, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12371
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Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) represented a global public health crisis and the most significant pandemic in modern times. Transmission characteristics, and the lack of effective antiviral treatment protocol and protective vaccines, pushed healthcare systems, particularly intensive care units (ICUs), to their limits and led to extreme quarantine measures to control the pandemic. It was evident from an early stage that patient stratification approaches needed to be developed to better predict disease progression. In the present study, the predictive value of clinical and blood biomarkers for the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 hospitalized in the ICU were investigated, taking age and sex into consideration. The present study analyzed blood samples from 3,050 patients with COVID‑19 hospitalized in the ICU. The analysis revealed that the levels of procalcitonin, N‑terminal pro‑B‑type natriuretic peptide, D‑dimer, ferritin, liver enzymes, C‑reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase were increased and were associated with disease progression, resulting in a prolonged hospitalization period and severe COVID‑19 related complications. Additionally, significant age and sex disparities among these biomarkers were documented and discussed in specific cases. On the whole, the results of the present study suggest a potential association of the demographic characteristics and blood biomarkers with prolonged hospitalization in the ICU and the mortality of patients with COVID‑19.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Genc S, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Naldan ME, Gülcü O, Caglayan C, Spanakis M, Nikolouzakis TK, Alegakis A, Docea AO, Drocas AI, Drocas AI, et al: Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units. Exp Ther Med 27: 82, 2024.
APA
Genc, S., Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., Naldan, M.E., Gülcü, O., Caglayan, C., Spanakis, M. ... Tsatsakis, A. (2024). Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 27, 82. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12371
MLA
Genc, S., Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., Naldan, M. E., Gülcü, O., Caglayan, C., Spanakis, M., Nikolouzakis, T. K., Alegakis, A., Docea, A. O., Drocas, A. I., Mitrut, R., Hatzidaki, E., Spandidos, D. A., Tsatsakis, A."Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27.2 (2024): 82.
Chicago
Genc, S., Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., Naldan, M. E., Gülcü, O., Caglayan, C., Spanakis, M., Nikolouzakis, T. K., Alegakis, A., Docea, A. O., Drocas, A. I., Mitrut, R., Hatzidaki, E., Spandidos, D. A., Tsatsakis, A."Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27, no. 2 (2024): 82. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12371
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Genc S, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Naldan ME, Gülcü O, Caglayan C, Spanakis M, Nikolouzakis TK, Alegakis A, Docea AO, Drocas AI, Drocas AI, et al: Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units. Exp Ther Med 27: 82, 2024.
APA
Genc, S., Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., Naldan, M.E., Gülcü, O., Caglayan, C., Spanakis, M. ... Tsatsakis, A. (2024). Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 27, 82. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12371
MLA
Genc, S., Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., Naldan, M. E., Gülcü, O., Caglayan, C., Spanakis, M., Nikolouzakis, T. K., Alegakis, A., Docea, A. O., Drocas, A. I., Mitrut, R., Hatzidaki, E., Spandidos, D. A., Tsatsakis, A."Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27.2 (2024): 82.
Chicago
Genc, S., Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A., Naldan, M. E., Gülcü, O., Caglayan, C., Spanakis, M., Nikolouzakis, T. K., Alegakis, A., Docea, A. O., Drocas, A. I., Mitrut, R., Hatzidaki, E., Spandidos, D. A., Tsatsakis, A."Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27, no. 2 (2024): 82. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12371
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