Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
March-2024 Volume 27 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2024 Volume 27 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease

  • Authors:
    • Qi Wang
    • Xujing Liu
    • Aihua Zhai
    • Hua Xu
    • Shizhan Ma
    • Yulin Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China, Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 110
    |
    Published online on: January 23, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12398
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes, one key feature of which includes renal fibrosis. As apelin is an adipokine closely related to diabetes, the present study aimed to evaluate apelin‑13 expression levels and the relationship between apelin‑13 and disease indicators in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The present case‑control study enrolled 70 patients with diabetes, including 31 with diabetic kidney disease (DKD group), 39 without DKD (non‑DKD group) and 30 healthy controls. The levels of serum apelin‑13 and TGF‑β1, the key driver of renal fibrosis, were determined by ELISA. Additionally, age, mean disease duration, weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‑density lipoprotein, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, blood creatinine and 24‑hour urinary total protein (24‑h UTP) were recorded. The results demonstrated that apelin‑13 and TGF‑β1 expression levels, age, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes compared with the healthy controls (P<0.05). Moreover, apelin‑13 and TGF‑β1 expression levels, mean disease duration, systolic pressure, blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and 24‑h UTP were significantly higher in the DKD group compared with the non‑DKD group (P<0.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly reduced in the DKD group compared with the non‑DKD group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between apelin‑13 and eGFR expression and a positive correlation between apelin‑13 expression and 24‑h UTP in both the DKD and non‑DKD groups (P<0.05). A negative correlation was also demonstrated between apelin‑13 and TGF‑β1 expression levels in the DKD group and non‑DKD groups (both P<0.05). In conclusion, apelin‑13 and TGF‑β1 expression levels were significantly higher in the DKD group compared with those in the non‑DKD group. Additionally, apelin‑13 expression was negatively correlated with TGF‑β1 expression in the DKD and non‑DKD groups. Therefore, apelin‑13 could potentially be used in the future as an indicator of renal fibrosis or destruction in patients with DKD. The present trial was retrospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (trial registration no. ChiCTR2200060945) on 14.06.2022.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Ahmad J: Management of diabetic nephropathy: Recent progress and future perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 9:343–58. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Li Y, Teng D, Shi X, Qin G, Qin Y, Quan H, Shi B, Sun H, Ba J, Chen B, et al: Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American diabetes association: National cross sectional study. BMJ. 369(m997)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Weng JP and Bi Y: Epidemiological status of chronic diabetic complications in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 128:3267–3269. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Radcliffe NJ, Seah JM, Clarke M, MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G and Ekinci EI: Clinical predictive factors in diabetic kidney disease progression. J Diabetes Investig. 8:6–18. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Zhang Y, Jin D, Kang X, Zhou R, Sun Y, Lian F and Tong X: Signaling pathways involved in diabetic renal fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9(696542)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Carew RM, Wang B and Kantharidis P: The role of EMT in renal fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res. 347:103–116. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Sisto M, Lorusso L, Ingravallo G, Tamma R, Ribatti D and Lisi S: The TGF-β1 signaling pathway as an attractive target in the fibrosis pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome. Mediators Inflamm. 2018(1965935)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Sawires H, Botrous O, Aboulmagd A, Madani N and Abdelhaleem O: Transforming growth factor-β1 in children with diabetic nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol. 34:81–85. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Qiao YC, Chen YL, Pan YH, Ling W, Tian F, Zhang XX and Zhao HL: Changes of transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 96(e6583)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Zheng ZC, Zhu W, Lei L, Liu XQ and Wu YG: Wogonin ameliorates renal inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 14:4135–4148. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Sun Z, Ma Y, Chen F, Wang S, Chen B and Shi J: miR-133b and miR-199b knockdown attenuate TGF-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis by targeting SIRT1 in diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol. 837:96–104. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Geng XQ, Ma A, He JZ, Wang L, Jia YL, Shao GY, Li M, Zhou H, Lin SQ and Ran JH: Ganoderic acid hinders renal fibrosis via suppressing the TGF-β/Smad and MAPK signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 41:670–677. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Miao XJ, Bi TT, Tang JM, Lv R, Gui DK and Yang XF: Regulatory mechanism of TGF-β1/SGK1 pathway in tubulointerstitial fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23:10482–10488. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou MX, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Hinuma S, Kitada C, et al: Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 251:471–476. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Chapman FA, Nyimanu D, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Newby DE and Dhaun N: The therapeutic potential of apelin in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 17:840–853. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Habchi M, Duvillard L, Cottet V, Brindisi MC, Bouillet B, Beacco M, Crevisy E, Buffier P, Baillot-Rudoni S, Verges B and Petit JM: Circulating apelin is increased in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and is associated with better glycaemic control. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 81:696–701. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Demirpence M, Yilmaz H, Colak A, Pamuk BO, Karakoyun I and Basok B: Apelin: A potential novel serum biomarker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. North Clin Istanb. 6:151–155. 2118.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Iwano M: EMT and TGF-beta in renal fibrosis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2:229–238. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Lv SY, Yang YJ and Chen Q: Regulation of feeding behavior, gastrointestinal function and fluid homeostasis by apelin. Peptides. 44:87–92. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Zhang Y, Jiang W, Sun W, Guo W, Xia B, Shen X, et al: Neuroprotective Roles of Apelin-13 in Neurological Diseases. Neurochem Res. 48:1648–1662. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP and STROBE Initiative: The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 370:1453–1457. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 98(4S):S1–S115. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Brownlee M: The pathobiology of diabetic complications: A unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 54:1615–1625. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Stevens PE and Levin A: Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: Synopsis of the kidney disease: Improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 158:825–830. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Zhang BH, Wang W, Wang H, Yin J and Zeng XJ: Promoting effects of the adipokine, apelin, on diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One. 8(e60457)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Day RT, Cavaglieri RC and Feliers D: Apelin retards the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 304:F788–F800. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Meral C, Tascilar E, Karademir F, Tanju IA, Cekmez F, Ipcioglu OM, Ercin CN, Gocmen I and Dogru T: Elevated plasma levels of apelin in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatric Endocrinol Metab. 23:497–502. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Meng XM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ and Lan HY: TGF-β: The master regulator of fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 12:325–338. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Wang LY, Diao ZL, Zhang DL, Zheng JF, Zhang QD, Ding JX and Liu WH: The regulatory peptide apelin: A novel inhibitor of renal interstitial fibrosis. Amino Acids. 46:2693–2704. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Kocer D, Karakukcu C, Ozturk F, Eroglu E and Kocyigit I: Evaluation of fibrosis markers: Apelin and transforming growth factor-β1 in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Ther Apher Dial. 20:517–522. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Chen H, Wan D, Wang L, Peng A, Xiao H, Petersen RB, Liu C, Zheng L and Huang K: Apelin protects against acute renal injury by inhibiting TGF-β1. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1852:1278–1287. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Lu LL, Hu XJ, Yang Y, Xu S, Yang SY, Zhang CY and Zhao QY: Correlation of myopia onset and progression with corneal biomechanical parameters in children. World J Clin Cases. 10:1548–1556. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Liu Y, Zhang J, Wang YJ and Zeng XJ: Apelin involved in progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting autophagy in podocytes. Cell Death Dis. 8(e3006)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Yin J, Wang Y, Chang J, Li B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Lai S, Jiang Y, Li H and Zeng X: Apelin inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition of podocytes in diabetic mice through downregulating immunoproteasome subunits β5i. Cell Death Dis. 9(1031)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Gao Z, Zhong X, Tan YX and Liu D: Apelin-13 alleviates diabetic nephropathy by enhancing nitric oxide production and suppressing kidney tissue fibrosis. Int J Mol Med. 48(175)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Zaki M, Kamal S, Ezzat W, Hassan N, Yousef W, Ryad H, Mohamed R, Youness E, Basha W and Elhosary Y: Serum apelin levels and metabolic risk markers in obese women. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 15:423–429. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Bertrand C, Pradère JP, Geoffre N, Deleruyelle S, Masri B, Personnaz J, Le Gonidec S, Batut A, Louche K, Moro C, et al: Chronic apelin treatment improves hepatic lipid metabolism in obese and insulin-resistant mice by an indirect mechanism. Endocrine. 60:112–121. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Zheng XD, Huang Y and Li H: Regulatory role of Apelin-13-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the glucose and lipid metabolism of mouse with gestational diabetes mellitus. Immunobiology. 226(152135)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Q, Liu X, Zhai A, Xu H, Ma S and Liu Y: Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Exp Ther Med 27: 110, 2024.
APA
Wang, Q., Liu, X., Zhai, A., Xu, H., Ma, S., & Liu, Y. (2024). Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 27, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12398
MLA
Wang, Q., Liu, X., Zhai, A., Xu, H., Ma, S., Liu, Y."Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27.3 (2024): 110.
Chicago
Wang, Q., Liu, X., Zhai, A., Xu, H., Ma, S., Liu, Y."Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27, no. 3 (2024): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12398
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Q, Liu X, Zhai A, Xu H, Ma S and Liu Y: Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Exp Ther Med 27: 110, 2024.
APA
Wang, Q., Liu, X., Zhai, A., Xu, H., Ma, S., & Liu, Y. (2024). Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 27, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12398
MLA
Wang, Q., Liu, X., Zhai, A., Xu, H., Ma, S., Liu, Y."Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27.3 (2024): 110.
Chicago
Wang, Q., Liu, X., Zhai, A., Xu, H., Ma, S., Liu, Y."Expression of apelin‑13 and its negative correlation with TGF‑β1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27, no. 3 (2024): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12398
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team