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Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Salvatore Lavalle
    • Edoardo Masiello
    • Maria Rosaria Valerio
    • Alberto Aliprandi
    • Giuseppa Scandurra
    • Vittorio Gebbia
    • Daniela Sambataro
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, I‑94100 Enna, Italy, Radiology Unit, University Vita e Salute, Institute San Raffaele, I‑20132 Milan, Italy, Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinic P Giaccone, University of Palermo, I‑90127 Palermo, Italy, Radiology Unit, Zucchi Clinical Institutes, University of Milan-Bicocca, I-20900 Monza, Italy
    Copyright: © Lavalle et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 381
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    Published online on: July 30, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12670
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Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by enhancing the immune response against tumor cells. However, their influence on immune pathways can lead to immune‑related adverse events such as pneumonitis, necessitating rapid diagnosis and management to prevent severe complications. These adverse events arise from the activation of the immune system by immunotherapeutic drugs, leading to immune‑mediated inflammation and tissue damage in various organs and tissues throughout the body. The present review article discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities and management strategies for ICI‑related pneumonitis, emphasizing early recognition and tailored interventions. Future research endeavors should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of pneumonitis and identifying predictive biomarkers to guide personalized treatment strategies in this evolving field of oncology.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lavalle S, Masiello E, Valerio MR, Aliprandi A, Scandurra G, Gebbia V and Sambataro D: Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review). Exp Ther Med 28: 381, 2024.
APA
Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Valerio, M.R., Aliprandi, A., Scandurra, G., Gebbia, V., & Sambataro, D. (2024). Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28, 381. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12670
MLA
Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Valerio, M. R., Aliprandi, A., Scandurra, G., Gebbia, V., Sambataro, D."Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28.4 (2024): 381.
Chicago
Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Valerio, M. R., Aliprandi, A., Scandurra, G., Gebbia, V., Sambataro, D."Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28, no. 4 (2024): 381. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12670
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lavalle S, Masiello E, Valerio MR, Aliprandi A, Scandurra G, Gebbia V and Sambataro D: Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review). Exp Ther Med 28: 381, 2024.
APA
Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Valerio, M.R., Aliprandi, A., Scandurra, G., Gebbia, V., & Sambataro, D. (2024). Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28, 381. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12670
MLA
Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Valerio, M. R., Aliprandi, A., Scandurra, G., Gebbia, V., Sambataro, D."Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28.4 (2024): 381.
Chicago
Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Valerio, M. R., Aliprandi, A., Scandurra, G., Gebbia, V., Sambataro, D."Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy‑related pneumonitis: How, when and why to diagnose and manage (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28, no. 4 (2024): 381. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12670
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