Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
October-2024 Volume 28 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2024 Volume 28 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice

  • Authors:
    • Mengyuan Li
    • Ruijiao Zhang
    • Shiyin Wu
    • Liqin Cheng
    • Huan Fu
    • Liangchao Qu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Medical Center of Anesthesiology and Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 399
    |
    Published online on: August 13, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12688
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Anxiety after surgery can be a major factor leading to postoperative cognitive dysfunction, particularly in elderly patients. The role of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in anxiety‑like behaviors in aged mice following isoflurane anesthesia remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of inhibitory neurons in isoflurane‑treated mice. A total of 30 C57BL/6 mice (age, 13 months) were allocated into the control and isoflurane anesthesia groups (15 mice/group) and were then subjected to several neurological assessments. Behavioral testing using an elevated plus maze test showed that aged mice in the isoflurane anesthesia group displayed significant anxiety‑like behavior, since they spent more time in the closed arm, exhibited more wall climbing behavior and covered more distance. In addition, whole‑cell patch‑clamp recording revealed that the excitability of the BLA excitatory neurons was notably increased following mice anesthesia with isoflurane, while that of inhibitory neurons was markedly reduced. Following mice treatment with diazepam, the excitability of the BLA inhibitory neurons was notably increased compared with that of the excitatory neurons, which was significantly attenuated. Overall, the results of the current study indicated that anxiety‑like behavior could occur in aged mice after isoflurane anesthesia, which could be caused by a reduced excitability of the inhibitory neurons in the BLA area. This process could enhance excitatory neuronal activity in aged mice, thus ultimately promoting the onset of anxiety‑like behaviors.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Beloeil H, Garot M, Lebuffe G, Gerbaud A, Laviolle B, Dubout E, Oger S, Nadaud J, Becret A, et al: Balanced opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine versus balanced anesthesia with remifentanil for major or intermediate noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 134:541–551. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Wang CM, Chen WC, Zhang Y, Lin S and He HF: Update on the mechanism and treatment of sevoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci. 13(702231)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Lin X, Chen Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y and Yu X: The potential mechanism of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older people. Exp Gerontol. 130(110791)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Bruce SL, Ching THW and Williams MT: Pedophilia-themed obsessive-compulsive disorder: Assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment with exposure and response prevention. Arch Sex Behav. 47:389–402. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Kozu F, Shirahama-Noda K, Araki Y, Kira S, Niwa H and Noda T: Isoflurane induces Art2-Rsp5-dependent endocytosis of Bap2 in yeast. FEBS Open Bio. 11:3090–3100. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Hao X, Ou M, Zhang D, Zhao W, Yang Y, Liu J, Yang H, Zhu T, Li Y and Zhou C: The effects of general anesthetics on synaptic transmission. Curr Neuropharmacol. 18:936–965. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Yamamoto T, Iwamoto T, Kimura S and Nakao S: Persistent isoflurane-induced hypotension causes hippocampal neuronal damage in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Anesth. 32:182–188. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Chírico MTT, Guedes MR, Vieira LG, Reis TO, Dos Santos AM, Souza ABF, Ribeiro IML, Noronha SISR, Nogueira KO, Oliveira LAM, et al: Lasting effects of ketamine and isoflurane administration on anxiety- and panic-like behavioral responses in Wistar rats. Life Sci. 276(119423)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Feinstein JS, Gould D and Khalsa SS: Amygdala-driven apnea and the chemoreceptive origin of anxiety. Biol Psychol. 170(108305)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Morel C, Montgomery SE, Li L, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Teichman EM, Juarez B, Tzavaras N, Ku SM, Flanigan ME, Cai M, et al: Midbrain projection to the basolateral amygdala encodes anxiety-like but not depression-like behaviors. Nat Commun. 13(1532)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Puggioni P, Pelko M, Rossum MV and Duguid I: Behavioral state differentially regulates input sensitivity and firing rates of motor cortex pyramidal neurons. Bmc Neurosci. 14 (Suppl 1)(P114)2013.

12 

Perumal MB and Sah P: Inhibitory circuits in the basolateral amygdala in aversive learning and memory. Front Neural Circuits. 15(633235)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

National Research Council (US): Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th edition. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2011.

14 

Kilkenny C, Browne W, Cuthill IC, Emerson M and Altman DG: NC3Rs Reporting Guidelines Working Group. Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: The ARRIVE guidelines. J Gene Med. 12:561–563. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Zuo CL, Wang CM, Liu J, Shen T, Zhou JP, Hao XR, Pan YZ, Liu HC, Lian QQ and Lin H: Isoflurane anesthesia in aged mice and effects of A1 adenosine receptors on cognitive impairment. CNS Neurosci Ther. 24:212–221. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Wang Z, Meng S, Cao L, Chen Y, Zuo Z and Peng S: Critical role of NLRP3-caspase-1 pathway in age-dependent isoflurane-induced microglial inflammatory response and cognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation. 15(109)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Wang J, Zhu S, Lu W, Li A, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Chen M, Qian C, Hu X, Zhang Y and Huang C: Varenicline improved laparotomy-induced cognitive impairment by restoring mitophagy in aged mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 916(174524)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Rabat Y, Henkous N, Corio M, Nogues X and Beracochea D: Baclofen but not diazepam alleviates alcohol-seeking behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in stressed withdrawn mice. Front Psychiatry. 10(238)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Abdeen A, Ibrahim SF, Mani V, Iqbal MS, Bhatia S, et al: Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 114(110478)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Jones SK, McCarthy DM, Vied C, Stanwood GD, Schatschneider C and Bhide PG: Transgenerational transmission of aspartame-induced anxiety and changes in glutamate-GABA signaling and gene expression in the amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119(e2213120119)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wang S, Cardieri B, Mo Lin H, Liu X, Sano M and Deiner SG: Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to pain and frailty but not cognition or delirium in older surgical patients. Brain Behav. 11(e02164)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hem S, Albite R, Loresi M, Rasmussen J, Ajler P, Yampolsky C, Chabot JD, Gerszten PC and Goldschmidt E: Pathological changes of the hippocampus and cognitive dysfunction following frontal lobe surgery in a rat model. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 158:2163–2171. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Craske MG and Stein MB: Anxiety. Lancet. 388:3048–3059. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Zhong J, Li C, Peng L, Pan Y, Yang Y, Guo Q and Zhong T: Repeated neonatal isoflurane exposure facilitated stress-related fear extinction impairment in male mice and was associated with ΔFosB accumulation in the basolateral amygdala and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Behav Brain Res. 446(114416)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Liu WZ, Zhang WH, Zheng ZH, Zou JX, Liu XX, Huang SH, You WJ, He Y, Zhang JY, Wang XD and Pan BX: Identification of a prefrontal cortex-to-amygdala pathway for chronic stress-induced anxiety. Nat Commun. 11(2221)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Zheng ZH, Tu JL, Li XH, Hua Q, Liu WZ, Liu Y, Pan BX, Hu P and Zhang WH: Neuroinflammation induces anxiety- and depressive-like behavior by modulating neuronal plasticity in the basolateral amygdala. Brain Behav Immun. 91:505–518. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Tye KM, Prakash R, Kim SY, Fenno LE, Grosenick L, Zarabi H, Thompson KR, Gradinaru V, Ramakrishnan C and Deisseroth K: Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety. Nature. 471:358–362. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Babaev O, Piletti Chatain C and Krueger-Burg D: Inhibition in the amygdala anxiety circuitry. Exp Mol Med. 50:1–16. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Prager EM, Bergstrom HC, Wynn GH and Braga MFM: The basolateral amygdala γ-aminobutyric acidergic system in health and disease. J Neurosci Res. 94:548–567. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Lee SC, Amir A, Haufler D and Pare D: Differential recruitment of competing valence-related amygdala networks during anxiety. Neuron. 96:81–88.e5. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Hemmings HC Jr, Akabas MH, Goldstein PA, Trudell JR, Orser BA and Harrison NL: Emerging molecular mechanisms of general anesthetic action. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 26:503–510. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Krasowski MD and Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 55:1278–1303. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Ranft A, Kurz J, Deuringer M, Haseneder R, Dodt HU, Zieglgänsberger W, Kochs E, Eder M and Hapfelmeier G: Isoflurane modulates glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in the amygdala. Eur J Neurosci. 20:1276–1280. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Long Ii RP, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Prager EM, Pidoplichko VI, Figueiredo TH and Braga MF: Repeated isoflurane exposures impair long-term potentiation and increase basal GABAergic activity in the basolateral amygdala. Neural Plast. 2016(8524560)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Wesołowska A: Potential role of the 5-HT6 receptor in depression and anxiety: An overview of preclinical data. Pharmacol Rep. 62:564–577. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Tong X, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Li S, Qu S, Qin B, Guo Y and Chen R: A comparison of epileptogenic effect of status epilepticus treated with diazepam, midazolam, and pentobarbital in the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Front Neurol. 13(821917)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Kasaragod VB, Malinauskas T, Wahid AA, Lengyel J, Knoflach F, Hardwick SW, Jones CF, Chen WN, Lucas X, El Omari K, et al: The molecular basis of drug selectivity for α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 30:1936–1946. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Courtney CD, Sobieski C, Ramakrishnan C, Ingram RJ, Wojnowski NM, DeFazio RA, Deisseroth K and Christian-Hinman CA: Optoα1AR activation in astrocytes modulates basal hippocampal synaptic excitation and inhibition in a stimulation-specific manner. Hippocampus. 33:1277–1291. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li M, Zhang R, Wu S, Cheng L, Fu H and Qu L: Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice. Exp Ther Med 28: 399, 2024.
APA
Li, M., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Cheng, L., Fu, H., & Qu, L. (2024). Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28, 399. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12688
MLA
Li, M., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Cheng, L., Fu, H., Qu, L."Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28.4 (2024): 399.
Chicago
Li, M., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Cheng, L., Fu, H., Qu, L."Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28, no. 4 (2024): 399. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12688
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li M, Zhang R, Wu S, Cheng L, Fu H and Qu L: Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice. Exp Ther Med 28: 399, 2024.
APA
Li, M., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Cheng, L., Fu, H., & Qu, L. (2024). Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28, 399. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12688
MLA
Li, M., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Cheng, L., Fu, H., Qu, L."Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28.4 (2024): 399.
Chicago
Li, M., Zhang, R., Wu, S., Cheng, L., Fu, H., Qu, L."Isoflurane anesthesia decreases excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala leading to anxiety‑like behavior in aged mice". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28, no. 4 (2024): 399. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12688
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team