Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2025 Volume 29 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2025 Volume 29 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay

  • Authors:
    • Dušan Loderer
    • Andrea Hornáková
    • Katarína Tobiášová
    • Katarína Lešková
    • Erika Halašová
    • Zuzana Danková
    • Kamil Biringer
    • Erik Kúdela
    • Tomáš Rokos
    • Anton Dzian
    • Juraj Miklušica
    • Peter Mikolajčík
    • Marek Smolár
    • Lukáš Plank
    • Marián Grendár
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava and University Hospital in Martin, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia, Clinic of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
    Copyright: © Loderer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 64
    |
    Published online on: February 4, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12814
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Next‑generation sequencing (NGS) technology is routinely employed to detect clinically significant variants in the field of precision medicine. Formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded (FFPE) tissues remain a widely used source of genetic material for diagnostic purposes due to their long‑term storage stability, which preserves the architecture of tumour tissues. However, the degradation of nucleic acids (NAs) that occurs during the fixation process can lead to unreliable results or hinder analysis. Considering the challenges posed by the quality and quantity of nucleic acids extracted from FFPE samples, the present study aimed to compare paired fresh‑frozen (FF) and FFPE samples. The present study also aimed to assess the concordance rate of quality control metrics of sequenced libraries and identify variants and biomarkers between FFPE and FF tissues. The Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay (TSO 500; Illumina, Inc.) was used to conduct comprehensive genomic profiling of samples from patients with various cancer types. All identified alterations were annotated using the Pierian Dx Clinical Genomics Workspace version 6.20 (PierianDx CGW). A total of 138 DNA and 138 RNA analyses on 69 paired samples were performed. These results demonstrated the significant potential of FF tissue as a primary source of higher‑quality genetic material to detect small variants, microsatellite instabilities and the tumour mutational burden, using the TSO 500 assay compared with FFPE samples. This approach could effectively reduce the issues associated with poor‑quality NAs extracted from FFPE samples. Based on our findings of lower concordance in the detection of splice variants, fusions and copy number variants in paired samples, we recommend that future studies using the TSO 500 assay should focus directly on this issue.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

View References

1 

Giacò L, Palluzzi F, Guido D, Nero C, Giacomini F, Duranti S, Bria E, Tortora G, Cenci T, Martini M, et al: A computational framework for comprehensive genomic profiling in solid cancers: The analytical performance of a high-throughput assay for small and copy number variants. Cancers (Basel). 14(6152)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Froyen G, Geerdens E, Berden S, Cruys B and Maes B: Diagnostic validation of a comprehensive targeted panel for broad mutational and biomarker analysis in solid tumors. Cancers (Basel). 14(2457)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Conroy JM, Pabla S, Glenn ST, Seager RJ, Van Roey E, Gao S, Burgher B, Andreas J, Giamo V, Mallon M, et al: A scalable high-throughput targeted next-generation sequencing assay for comprehensive genomic profiling of solid tumors. PLoS One. 16(e0260089)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Ottestad AL, Huang M, Emdal EF, Mjelle R, Skarpeteig V and Dai HY: Assessment of two commercial comprehensive gene panels for personalized cancer treatment. J Pers Med. 13(42)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Pestinger V, Smith M, Sillo T, Findlay JM, Laes JF, Martin G, Middleton G, Taniere P and Beggs AD: Use of an integrated pan-cancer oncology enrichment next-generation sequencing assay to measure tumour mutational burden and detect clinically actionable variants. Mol Diagn Ther. 24(505)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Meireles SI, Cruz MV, de Godoy CD and de Testagrossa L: Performance of non-formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples in hybrid capture and amplicon next-generation sequencing panels. Diagn Cytopathol. 52:171–182. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Betge J, Kerr G, Miersch T, Leible S, Erdmann G, Galata CL, Zhan T, Gaiser T, Post S, Ebert MP, et al: Amplicon sequencing of colorectal cancer: Variant calling in frozen and formalin-fixed samples. PLoS One. 10(e0127146)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Robbe P, Popitsch N, Knight SJL, Antoniou P, Becq J, He M, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, Vavoulis DV, Ross MT, et al: Clinical whole-genome sequencing from routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens: Pilot study for the 100,000 Genomes Project. Genet Med. 20:1196–1205. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

De Paoli-Iseppi R, Johansson PA, Menzies AM, Dias KR, Pupo GM, Kakavand H, Wilmott JS, Mann GJ, Hayward NK, Dinger ME, et al: Comparison of whole-exome sequencing of matched fresh and formalin fixed paraffin embedded melanoma tumours: implications for clinical decision making. Pathology. 48:261–266. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Kerick M, Isau M, Timmermann B, Sültmann H, Herwig R, Krobitsch S, Schaefer G, Verdorfer I, Bartsch G, Klocker H, et al: Targeted high throughput sequencing in clinical cancer settings: Formaldehyde fixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues, input amount and tumor heterogeneity. BMC Med Genomics. 4(68)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Fielding DI, Dalley AJ, Singh M, Nandakumar L, Lakis V, Chittoory H, Fairbairn D, Patch AM, Kazakoff SH, Ferguson K, et al: Evaluating diff-quik cytology smears for large-panel mutation testing in lung cancer-predicting DNA content and success with low-malignant-cellularity samples. Cancer Cytopathol. 131:373–382. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2021.

13 

tabulizer: Bindings for Tabula PDF Table Extractor Library. R package version 0.2.2.

14 

Ooms J: The jsonlite Package: A practical and consistent mapping between JSON data and R Objects 2014.

15 

Iannone R and Roy O: DiagrammeR: Graph/Network Visualization. 2024.

16 

Iannone R: DiagrammeRsvg: Export DiagrammeR Graphviz Graphs as SVG. 2016.

17 

Ooms J and Brüggemann S: Render SVG images into PDF, PNG, (Encapsulated) PostScript, or Bitmap Arrays 2023.

18 

Larsson J, Godfrey AJR, Gustafsson P, Eberly DH, Huber E and Privé F: Area-proportional euler and venn diagrams with ellipses, 2024.

19 

Knaus BJ and Grünwald NJ: vcfr: A package to manipulate and visualize VCF format data in R. Mol Ecol Resour. 17:44–53. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Local run manager trusight oncology comprehensive (EU) analysis module. 2022.

21 

Bonneville R, Krook MA, Kautto EA, Miya J, Wing MR, Chen HZ, Reeser JW, Yu L and Roychowdhury S: Landscape of microsatellite instability across 39 cancer types. JCO Precis Oncol. 17(00073)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Baum JE, Zhang P, Hoda RS, Geraghty B, Rennert H, Narula N and Fernandes HD: Accuracy of next-generation sequencing for the identification of clinically relevant variants in cytology smears in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol. 125:398–406. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Faber E, Grosu H, Sabir S, Lucas FAS, Barkoh BA, Bassett RL, Luthra R, Stewart J and Roy-Chowdhuri S: Adequacy of small biopsy and cytology specimens for comprehensive genomic profiling of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer to determine eligibility for immune checkpoint inhibitor and targeted therapy. J Clin Pathol. 75:612–619. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Ramani NS, Chen H, Broaddus RR, Lazar AJ, Luthra R, Medeiros LJ, Patel KP, Rashid A, Routbort MJ, Stewart J, et al: Utilization of cytology smears improves success rates of RNA-based next-generation sequencing gene fusion assays for clinically relevant predictive biomarkers. Cancer Cytopathol. 129:374–382. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Pepe F, Pisapia P, Gristina V, Rocco D, Micheli M, Micheli P, Iaccarino A, Tufano R, Gragnano G, Russo G, et al: Tumor mutational burden on cytological samples: A pilot study. Cancer Cytopathol. 129:460–467. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Sanghvi RV, Buhay CJ, Powell BC, Tsai EA, Dorschner MO, Hong CS, Lebo MS, Sasson A, Hanna DS, McGee S, et al: Characterizing reduced coverage regions through comparison of exome and genome sequencing data across 10 centers. Genet Med. 20:855–866. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Wang Q, Shashikant CS, Jensen M, Altman NS and Girirajan S: Novel metrics to measure coverage in whole exome sequencing datasets reveal local and global non-uniformity. Sci Rep. 7(885)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Chou D, Chen X, Purdy A, Teng L, Luo B, Zhao C, Ball L, Castaneda A, Clark K, Crain B, et al: Abstract 3732: Analytical performance of TruSight® Tumor 170 on small nucleotide variations and gene amplifications using DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) solid tumor samples. Cancer Res. 2017.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Loderer D, Hornáková A, Tobiášová K, Lešková K, Halašová E, Danková Z, Biringer K, Kúdela E, Rokos T, Dzian A, Dzian A, et al: Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay. Exp Ther Med 29: 64, 2025.
APA
Loderer, D., Hornáková, A., Tobiášová, K., Lešková, K., Halašová, E., Danková, Z. ... Grendár, M. (2025). Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 29, 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12814
MLA
Loderer, D., Hornáková, A., Tobiášová, K., Lešková, K., Halašová, E., Danková, Z., Biringer, K., Kúdela, E., Rokos, T., Dzian, A., Miklušica, J., Mikolajčík, P., Smolár, M., Plank, L., Grendár, M."Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29.4 (2025): 64.
Chicago
Loderer, D., Hornáková, A., Tobiášová, K., Lešková, K., Halašová, E., Danková, Z., Biringer, K., Kúdela, E., Rokos, T., Dzian, A., Miklušica, J., Mikolajčík, P., Smolár, M., Plank, L., Grendár, M."Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29, no. 4 (2025): 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12814
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Loderer D, Hornáková A, Tobiášová K, Lešková K, Halašová E, Danková Z, Biringer K, Kúdela E, Rokos T, Dzian A, Dzian A, et al: Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay. Exp Ther Med 29: 64, 2025.
APA
Loderer, D., Hornáková, A., Tobiášová, K., Lešková, K., Halašová, E., Danková, Z. ... Grendár, M. (2025). Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 29, 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12814
MLA
Loderer, D., Hornáková, A., Tobiášová, K., Lešková, K., Halašová, E., Danková, Z., Biringer, K., Kúdela, E., Rokos, T., Dzian, A., Miklušica, J., Mikolajčík, P., Smolár, M., Plank, L., Grendár, M."Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29.4 (2025): 64.
Chicago
Loderer, D., Hornáková, A., Tobiášová, K., Lešková, K., Halašová, E., Danková, Z., Biringer, K., Kúdela, E., Rokos, T., Dzian, A., Miklušica, J., Mikolajčík, P., Smolár, M., Plank, L., Grendár, M."Comparison of next‑generation sequencing quality metrics and concordance in the detection of cancer‑specific molecular alterations between formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded and fresh‑frozen samples in comprehensive genomic profiling with the Illumina® TruSight Oncology 500 assay". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29, no. 4 (2025): 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12814
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team