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Review Open Access

Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Enzo Agostinelli
    • Giovanni Marzaro
    • Roberto Gambari
    • Alessia Finotti
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, I-37134 Verona, Italy, Research Center on Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Ferrara University, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
    Copyright: © Agostinelli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 134
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    Published online on: May 13, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12884
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Abstract

In the present review, simple approaches for the screening and characterization of natural compound agents that alter pro‑inflammatory gene expression are described, with a particular focus on aged garlic extract (AGE), which has been the subject of several investigations that have supported its potential application as an anti‑inflammatory agent. Additionally, evidence regarding the possible effects and mechanisms of action of two major AGE components, S‑allyl cysteine (SAC) and S‑1‑propenyl‑l‑cysteine (S1PC), is reviewed. The proposed molecular targets of SAC and S1PC are IKKβ kinase, the Kelch‑like ECH‑associated protein 1‑nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 complex, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ, histone deacetylase and toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4). Targeting these molecules causes a marked reduction in NF‑κB activity accompanied by a notable decrease in the transcription of NF‑κB‑regulated genes. Another main objective of the present review was to discuss the possibility that AGE and its bioactive components could be employed in the treatment of several human pathologies that are characterized by a hyperinflammatory state resulting from dysregulation of the TLR4 and NF‑κB pathways. SAC is of interest in the treatment of lung pathologies, neurological diseases, osteoarthritis, muscular atrophy, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. Additionally, the anti‑oxidative activities of AGE, SAC and S1PC are compatible with their employment in the treatment of diseases characterized by oxidative stress, such as sickle cell disease and β‑thalassemia.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Agostinelli E, Marzaro G, Gambari R and Finotti A: Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 30: 134, 2025.
APA
Agostinelli, E., Marzaro, G., Gambari, R., & Finotti, A. (2025). Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 134. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12884
MLA
Agostinelli, E., Marzaro, G., Gambari, R., Finotti, A."Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.1 (2025): 134.
Chicago
Agostinelli, E., Marzaro, G., Gambari, R., Finotti, A."Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 1 (2025): 134. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12884
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Agostinelli E, Marzaro G, Gambari R and Finotti A: Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 30: 134, 2025.
APA
Agostinelli, E., Marzaro, G., Gambari, R., & Finotti, A. (2025). Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 134. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12884
MLA
Agostinelli, E., Marzaro, G., Gambari, R., Finotti, A."Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.1 (2025): 134.
Chicago
Agostinelli, E., Marzaro, G., Gambari, R., Finotti, A."Potential applications of components of aged garlic extract in mitigating pro‑inflammatory gene expression linked to human diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 1 (2025): 134. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12884
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