Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
August-2025 Volume 30 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2025 Volume 30 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study

  • Authors:
    • Zujuan Zhang
    • Qian Chen
    • Suyun He
    • Wenjuan Li
    • Shengming Wang
    • Zhenwei Xie
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 999001, P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering and Zhejiang University‑University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 999001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 160
    |
    Published online on: June 23, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12910
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Electromyography (EMG) is a well‑established method for the quantification of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the strength and activity of the urethral sphincter (US) and levator ani muscles (LAMs) by analyzing EMG variables for these PFMs separately using an airbag‑type stretchable/inflatable electrode array (ASEA) device. In addition, the study assessed the predictive value of surface EMG (sEMG) signals obtained via ASEA in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The study included an SUI group (n=67) and a healthy control group without pelvic floor dysfunction (n=65). sEMG recordings of the US and LAMs comprised the following components: i) Anterior resting potential; ii) maximum voluntary contraction (MVC); iii) tonic contraction potential (TCP); iv) endurance contraction potential (ECP); and v) posterior resting potential. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also performed to determine the optimal cut‑off levels for sEMG activation of the PFMs. Muscle strength assessed using bidigital palpation and the modified Oxford grading system revealed that the scores in the SUI group were lower than those in the control group. Similarly, the sEMG activities measured using the ASEA device were significantly lower in the SUI group, particularly the MVC, TCP and ECP activities in the US and LAMs. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the US and specific LAMs, namely the puborectalis and pubococcygeus muscles, demonstrated cut‑off values with discriminative ability for SUI. However, the in sEMG of the iliococcygeus muscles did not significant differ between the two groups, The present study indicates that US defects and dysfunctional LAMs play an important role in the pathogenesis of SUI. Furthermore, region‑specific assessment of US and LAMs may support the development of reliable and optimized treatment strategies for the precise rehabilitation of PFMs.
View Figures

Figure 1

Consolidated Standards of Reporting
Trials diagram. SUI, stress urinary incontinence; PFM, pelvic floor
muscle; ASEA, airbag-type stretchable/inflatable electrode array;
US, urethral sphincter; LAMs, levator ani muscles.

Figure 2

Structure and configuration of the
ASEA probe. (A) Distribution of the pelvic muscles, numbered in a
clockwise manner. (B) Details of the double-layer electrode unit
and (C) distribution of main pelvic muscles in a 2D format. The
locations of the contact pads of the ASEA (black dots) are
distributed according to the major muscle distributions and muscle
fiber directions, and each muscle is shown in a different color to
allow for easy distinction. (D) Shape and assembly of the ASEA,
which was composed of two layers. The inner layer had an electrode
sheet, and the outer layer had a perforated diaphragm. ‘Pack’
refers to wrapping the electrode sheet with the perforated
diaphragm, in which only the contact electrode holes were exposed.
Macro internal structure of ASEA (left), and the probe before
(middle) and after inflation (right). ASEA, airbag-type
stretchable/inflatable electrode array.

Figure 3

ROC curves for sEMG activity of pelvic
floor muscles in postmenopausal women with SUI compared with those
without SUI. ROC curves for sEMG activity of the (A) urethral
sphincter, (B) puborectalis, (C) pubococcygeus and (D)
iliococcygeus muscles. ROC, receiver operating characteristic;
sEMG, surface electromyography; SUI, stress urinary incontinence;
MVC, maximum voluntary contraction; TCP, tonic contraction
potential; ECP, endurance contraction potential.
View References

1 

Nambiar AK, Arlandis S, Bø K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini E, de Heide M, Farag F, Groen J, Karavitakis M, Lapitan MC, et al: European association of urology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of female non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. Part 1: Diagnostics, overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and mixed urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 82:49–59. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Kobashi KC, Albo ME, Dmochowski RR, Ginsberg DA, Goldman HB, Gomelsky A, Kraus SR, Sandhu JS, Shepler T, Treadwell JR, et al: Surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: AUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 198:875–883. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Hagen S, Elders A, Stratton S, Sergenson N, Bugge C, Dean S, Hay-Smith J, Kilonzo M, Dimitrova M, Abdel-Fattah M, et al: Effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training with and without electromyographic biofeedback for urinary incontinence in women: Multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 371(m3719)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Abufaraj M, Xu T, Cao C, Siyam A, Isleem U, Massad A, Soria F, Shariat SF, Sutcliffe S and Yang L: Prevalence and trends in urinary incontinence among women in the United States, 2005-2018. AM J Obstet Gynecol. 225:166.e1–166.e12. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Zhu L, Lang J, Liu C, Han S, Huang J and Li X: The epidemiological study of women with urinary incontinence and risk factors for stress urinary incontinence in China. Menopause. 16:831–836. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Dumoulin C, Morin M, Danieli C, Cacciari L, Mayrand MH, Tousignant M and Abrahamowicz M: Urinary Incontinence and Aging Study Group. Group-based vs individual pelvic floor muscle training to treat urinary incontinence in older women: A randomized Clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 180:1284–1293. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Vaughan CP and Markland AD: Urinary incontinence in women. Ann Intern Med. 172:ITC17–ITC32. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Bharucha AE and Lacy BE: Mechanisms, evaluation, and management of chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 158:1232–1249.e3. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Worman RS, Stafford RE, Cowley D, Prudencio CB and Hodges PW: Evidence for increased tone or overactivity of pelvic floor muscles in pelvic health conditions: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 228:657–674.e9. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Brækken IH, Stuge B, Tveter AT and Bø K: Reliability, validity and responsiveness of pelvic floor muscle surface electromyography and manometry. Int Urogynecol J. 32:3267–3274. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Ballmer C, Eichelberger P, Leitner M, Moser H, Luginbuehl H, Kuhn A and Radlinger L: Electromyography of pelvic floor muscles with true differential versus faux differential electrode configuration. Int Urogynecol J. 31:2051–2059. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Wang S, Dong S, Li W, Cen J, Cen J, Zhu H, Fu C, Jin H, Li Y, Feng X, et al: Physiology-based stretchable electronics design method for accurate surface electromyography evaluation. Adv Sci. 8(2004987)2021.

13 

da Silva JB, de Godoi Fernandes JG, Caracciolo BR, Zanello SC, de Oliveira Sato T and Driusso P: Reliability of the PERFECT scheme assessed by unidigital and bidigital vaginal palpation. Int Urogynecol J. 32:3199–3207. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Laycock J and Jerwood D: Pelvic floor muscle assessment: The PERFECT scheme. Physiotherapy. 87:631–642. 2001.

15 

Wang S, Yang L, Jiang H, Xia J, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Jin H, Luo J, Dong S, et al: Multifunctional evaluation technology for diagnosing malfunctions of regional pelvic floor muscles based on stretchable electrode array probe. Diagnostics (Basel). 13(1158)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Ignácio Antônio F, Bø K, Pena CC, Bueno SM, Mateus-Vasconcelos ECL, Fernandes ACNL and Ferreira CHJ: Intravaginal electrical stimulation increases voluntarily pelvic floor muscle contractions in women who are unable to voluntarily contract their pelvic floor muscles: A randomised trial. J Physiother. 68:37–42. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Yang X, Zhu L, Li W, Sun X, Huang Q, Tong B and Xie Z: Comparisons of electromyography and digital palpation measurement of pelvic floor muscle strength in postpartum women with stress urinary incontinence and asymptomatic parturients: A cross-sectional study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 84:599–605. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Ptaszkowski K, Malkiewicz B, Zdrojowy R, Paprocka-Borowicz M and Ptaszkowska L: The prognostic value of the surface electromyographic assessment of pelvic floor muscles in women with stress urinary incontinence. J Clin Med. 9(1967)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Albaladejo-Belmonte M, Nohales-Alfonso FJ, Tarazona-Motes M, De-Arriba M, Alberola-Rubio J and Garcia-Casado J: Effect of BoNT/A in the surface electromyographic characteristics of the pelvic floor muscles for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Sensors (Basel). 21(4668)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Jórasz K, Truszczyńska-Baszak A and Dąbek A: Posture correction therapy and pelvic floor muscle function assessed by sEMG with intravaginal electrode and manometry in female with urinary incontinence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 20(369)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Falah-Hassani K, Reeves J, Shiri R, Hickling D and McLean L: The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 32:501–552. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Chill HH, Martin LC, Abramowitch SD and Rostaminia G: Quantifying the effect of an endo-vaginal probe on position of the pelvic floor viscera and muscles. Int Urogynecol J. 34:2399–2406. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Yang X, Wang X, Gao Z, Li L, Lin H, Wang H, Zhou H, Tian D, Zhang Q and Shen J: The anatomical pathogenesis of stress urinary incontinence in women. Medicina (Kaunas). 59(5)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

DeLancey JO: Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: The hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 170:1713–1723. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Sheng Y, Liu X, Low LK, Ashton-Miller JA and Miller JM: Association of pubovisceral muscle tear with functional capacity of urethral closure: Evaluating maternal recovery from labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 222:598.e1–598.e7. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Miller JM, Low LK, Zielinski R, Smith AR, DeLancey JO and Brandon C: Evaluating maternal recovery from labor and delivery: Bone and levator ani injuries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 213:188.e1–188.e11. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Ptak M, Ciećwież S, Brodowska A, Starczewski A, Nawrocka-Rutkowska J, Diaz-Mohedo E and Rotter I: The effect of pelvic floor muscles exercise on quality of life in women with stress urinary incontinence and its relationship with vaginal deliveries: A randomized trial. Biomed Res Int. 2019(5321864)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Lugo T, Leslie SW, Mikes BA and Riggs J: Stress Urinary Incontinence. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL, 2025.

29 

Blomquist JL, Carroll M, Muñoz A and Handa VL: Pelvic floor muscle strength and the incidence of pelvic floor disorders after vaginal and cesarean delivery. AM J Obstet Gynecol. 222:62.e1–62.e8. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Tähtinen RM, Cartwright R, Vernooij RWM, Rortveit G, Hunskaar S, Guyatt GH and Tikkinen KAO: Long-term risks of stress and urgency urinary incontinence after different vaginal delivery modes. AM J Obstet Gynecol. 220:181.e1–181.e8. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Z, Chen Q, He S, Li W, Wang S and Xie Z: Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study. Exp Ther Med 30: 160, 2025.
APA
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., He, S., Li, W., Wang, S., & Xie, Z. (2025). Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 160. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12910
MLA
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., He, S., Li, W., Wang, S., Xie, Z."Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.2 (2025): 160.
Chicago
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., He, S., Li, W., Wang, S., Xie, Z."Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 2 (2025): 160. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12910
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Z, Chen Q, He S, Li W, Wang S and Xie Z: Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study. Exp Ther Med 30: 160, 2025.
APA
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., He, S., Li, W., Wang, S., & Xie, Z. (2025). Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 160. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12910
MLA
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., He, S., Li, W., Wang, S., Xie, Z."Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.2 (2025): 160.
Chicago
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., He, S., Li, W., Wang, S., Xie, Z."Pelvic floor muscle function differs between postmenopausal women with and without stress urinary incontinence: An experimental parallel‑controlled study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 2 (2025): 160. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12910
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team