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Review Open Access

Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Saqer S. Alotaibi
    • Essam H. Eldrehmy
    • Sarah M. Albogami
    • Adel Alkhedaide
    • Omima Dahab
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah College, Taif University, Turabah 29734, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Biology, Turabah College, Taif University, Turabah 29734, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Copyright: © Alotaibi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].
  • Article Number: 162
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    Published online on: June 25, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12912
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Abstract

Obesity is a chronic, recurrent and progressive disease that is a major public health issue, contributing to disability, morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global increase in obesity prevalence has been accompanied by an increase in weight‑related comorbidity and mortality rates. To address this growing public health issue, the development and use of anti‑obesity medications (AOMs) have escalated in recent years. The present review aims to discuss the most recent information on AOMs and the health effects of their regular use. The gastrointestinal (GI)‑hypothalamic axis has been revealed to play a key role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, which has led to the development of AOMs to target peptides secreted from the GI tract, including glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1). GLP‑1 receptor agonists are among the most widely investigated drugs in the rapidly developing field of hormone‑based AOMs. However, most GLP‑based drugs cause undesirable side effects. A promising approach to combat cardiometabolic conditions, including diabetes and obesity, is to reduce food consumption while also raising energy expenditure. Notably, novel candidate anti‑obesity drugs have been shown to activate neurokinin 2 receptors (NK2Rs) in mice, leading to appetite suppression without the side effects observed with previous generations of treatments. However, additional research is necessary to address the side effects associated with AOMs, particularly those affecting the GI tract, gallbladder and pancreas. Furthermore, the potential of NK2R activation merits investigation in clinical trials, particularly in high‑risk patients.
View Figures

Figure 1

Representation of the mechanisms of
action of three different types of GLP1RAs and their impacts on the
CNS, gastric motility and pancreas. Natural GLP-1 affects the CNS,
resulting in decreased hunger and increased nausea. It also
increases gastric motility, leading to faster emptying, and affects
the pancreas by increasing insulin secretion and decreasing
glucagon release. Short-acting GLP1RAs have a similar effect on the
CNS as natural GLP-1, but reduce gastric motility, which in turn
reduces pyloric flow and glucose absorption, ultimately diminishing
the production of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas. Long-acting
GLP1RAs act on the pancreas and CNS to reduce insulin and glucagon
production and decrease appetite. GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1;
GLP1RA, GLP-1A receptor agonist; CNS, central nervous system.

Figure 2

Obesity in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia and Saudi Vision 2030. This infographic underscores the high
prevalence of obesity and overweight in both adults and children,
and highlights substantial public health issues. Saudi Vision 2030
is a program that seeks to mitigate these difficulties by targeting
a 3% reduction in obesity rates and a 10% reduction in diabetes
rates by measures including calorie labeling on menus, taxes on
sugary drinks, and the prohibition of unhealthy foods in
educational institutions.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Alotaibi SS, Eldrehmy EH, Albogami SM, Alkhedaide A and Dahab O: Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review). Exp Ther Med 30: 162, 2025.
APA
Alotaibi, S.S., Eldrehmy, E.H., Albogami, S.M., Alkhedaide, A., & Dahab, O. (2025). Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12912
MLA
Alotaibi, S. S., Eldrehmy, E. H., Albogami, S. M., Alkhedaide, A., Dahab, O."Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.2 (2025): 162.
Chicago
Alotaibi, S. S., Eldrehmy, E. H., Albogami, S. M., Alkhedaide, A., Dahab, O."Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 2 (2025): 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12912
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Alotaibi SS, Eldrehmy EH, Albogami SM, Alkhedaide A and Dahab O: Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review). Exp Ther Med 30: 162, 2025.
APA
Alotaibi, S.S., Eldrehmy, E.H., Albogami, S.M., Alkhedaide, A., & Dahab, O. (2025). Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12912
MLA
Alotaibi, S. S., Eldrehmy, E. H., Albogami, S. M., Alkhedaide, A., Dahab, O."Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.2 (2025): 162.
Chicago
Alotaibi, S. S., Eldrehmy, E. H., Albogami, S. M., Alkhedaide, A., Dahab, O."Advancements and challenges in the management of obesity using pharmacotherapy (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 2 (2025): 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12912
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