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Review Open Access

Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Vasiliki Epameinondas Georgakopoulou
    • Chrysoula Taskou
    • Antigoni Sarantaki
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Kleanthi Gourounti
    • Dimitrios Chaniotis
    • Apostolos Beloukas
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathophysiology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
    Copyright: © Georgakopoulou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 174
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    Published online on: July 21, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12924
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Abstract

The escalating challenges posed by climate change have profound implications for public health, particularly concerning the interplay between pregnancy and vector‑borne infections. This review explores the multifaceted interactions between climate change, vector ecology, and pregnancy, with a focus on pathogens such as malaria, Zika virus, and dengue fever. For pregnant women, these vector‑borne infections carry significant risks, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and congenital anomalies, necessitating urgent and effective public health responses. Highlighting the heightened vulnerability of pregnant women to these diseases, the review outlines the significant risks, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and congenital anomalies. It advocates actionable public health responses, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced surveillance systems to monitor vector populations and disease incidence, particularly in climate‑vulnerable regions. By integrating preventive measures and timely medical interventions into maternal healthcare systems, the study provides a pathway to mitigating adverse outcomes. Additionally, the findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to bridge gaps between climate adaptation, vector control, and healthcare strategies. These insights not only enhance our understanding of a critical health challenge but also serve as a foundation for advancing medical research and healthcare practices, thereby promoting resilience in vulnerable populations.
View Figures

Figure 1

Global distribution of vector-borne
diseases in the context of climate change. This map illustrates the
global prevalence of vector-borne diseases in the context of
climate change. Blue regions denote areas with low prevalence or
cold climates unfavorable for vector habitats. Orange indicates
moderate prevalence, highlighting regions where changing climate
conditions (such as rising temperatures and rainfall) are becoming
more favorable for vectors. Red regions show high prevalence,
including endemic zones for diseases such as malaria, dengue, and
Zika. White regions represent areas with minimal or no data or
regions unsuitable for vector habitats due to extreme climates
(such as deserts or very cold regions). The gradient from blue to
red visually represents increasing disease prevalence or risk,
influenced by climate factors such as warming temperatures,
changing rainfall patterns, or expanding habitats for vectors such
as mosquitoes.

Figure 2

Interactions between climate change,
vector ecology, and pregnancy. Climate changes, such as rising
temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, affect vector
behavior, leading to increased disease transmission. Pregnant women
are particularly vulnerable due to physiological and
socio-environmental factors, resulting in adverse outcomes such as
miscarriage, stillbirth, and congenital anomalies.

Figure 3

Comprehensive public health
strategies to mitigate vector-borne diseases during pregnancy. This
figure outlines an integrated approach to addressing vector-borne
diseases in pregnant women. Immediate interventions, such as
insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and
environmental management, are depicted as primary preventive
measures. Educational campaigns and provider training highlight the
role of awareness and preparedness. Policies emphasizing funding,
vaccine development, and antenatal care are shown to support
long-term resilience. The central image underscores the
vulnerability of pregnant women and their unborn children to
vector-borne diseases, emphasizing the need for coordinated
action.
View References

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Georgakopoulou VE, Taskou C, Sarantaki A, Spandidos DA, Gourounti K, Chaniotis D and Beloukas A: Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review). Exp Ther Med 30: 174, 2025.
APA
Georgakopoulou, V.E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D.A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D., & Beloukas, A. (2025). Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12924
MLA
Georgakopoulou, V. E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D. A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D., Beloukas, A."Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.3 (2025): 174.
Chicago
Georgakopoulou, V. E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D. A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D., Beloukas, A."Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 3 (2025): 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12924
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Georgakopoulou VE, Taskou C, Sarantaki A, Spandidos DA, Gourounti K, Chaniotis D and Beloukas A: Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review). Exp Ther Med 30: 174, 2025.
APA
Georgakopoulou, V.E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D.A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D., & Beloukas, A. (2025). Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12924
MLA
Georgakopoulou, V. E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D. A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D., Beloukas, A."Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.3 (2025): 174.
Chicago
Georgakopoulou, V. E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D. A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D., Beloukas, A."Vector‑borne infectious diseases in pregnancy in the era of climate change: A focus on mosquito‑ and tick‑borne pathogens (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 3 (2025): 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12924
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