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Article Open Access

Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells

  • Authors:
    • Xinghuanyu Xu
    • Lin Liu
    • Wenbai Zhang
    • Pu Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oral Implantology, Stomatology Center, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 8
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    Published online on: October 29, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13003
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Abstract

Pearl powder, especially its main effective component water‑soluble matrix (WSM), can promote bone formation. The present study analyzed the effect of various WSM concentrations on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells. The WSM of nanometer pearl powder (NPP) was obtained through the water extraction method. hFOB1.19 cells were then cultured with WSM at concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml. Thereafter, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining were analyzed to detect the effects of WSM on the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hFOB1.19 cells. In addition, type I collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin and Runt‑associated transcription factor 2 mRNA and protein expression levels during osteogenic differentiation were measured through reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. Following WSM treatment, ALP activity, alizarin red staining of mineralized nodules and osteoblast‑related protein expression levels were all found to be elevated in hFOB1.19 cells. In conclusion, these results suggested that NPP WSM could promote the differentiation and mineralization of hFOB1.19 cells within the tested concentration range to induce an osteogenic effect.
View Figures

Figure 1

Effects of different concentrations
of WSM on the ALP activity of hFOB1.19 cells. A high concentration
of WSM (40 µg/ml) significantly enhanced the ALP activity of
hFOB1.19 cells. WSM stimulates hFOB1.19 cell differentiation. ALP
activity, a marker of osteogenic differentiation, was measured in
cells treated with WSM (0, 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml) for 1, 4 and 7
days. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation, n=4.
***P<0.001 (0 µg/ml vs. all other groups);
#P<0.05 and ##P<0.01 (10 vs. 20 µg/ml);
+++P<0.001 (10 vs. 40 µg/ml);
---P<0.001 (20 vs. 40 µg/ml). WSM, water-soluble
matrix; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OD, optical density.

Figure 2

Alizarin red staining images of
mineralized nodules. WSM increased alizarin red staining in a
concentration-dependent manner, according to the area of
mineralized nodules (magnification, x200). High concentrations of
WSM could increase the degree of hFOB1.19 cell mineralization. The
red arrow marks the calcified nodules. (A) 7 and (B) 14 days. WSM,
water-soluble matrix.

Figure 3

Alizarin red staining assay was
semi-quantified to measure cell mineralization following
water-soluble matrix treatment (0, 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml) for 7 and
14 days. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation, n=4.
*P<0.05 and **P<0.01 (0 µg/ml vs. all
other groups); +P<0.05 (10 vs. 40 µg/ml). OD, optical
density.

Figure 4

mRNA expression of osteogenic genes
in each WSM treatment group (0, 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml) measured
through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Data are presented
as the means ± standard deviation, n=4; **P<0.01 and
***P<0.001 (0 µg/ml vs. all other groups);
##P<0.01 and ###P<0.001 (10 vs. 20
µg/ml); -P<0.05, --P<0.01 and
---P<0.001 (20 vs. 40 µg/ml);
+++P<0.001 (10 vs. 40 µg/ml). WSM, water-soluble
matrix; Col-I, type I collagen; OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin;
Runx-2, Runt-associated transcription factor 2; NC, negative
control.

Figure 5

Representative western blotting
images. Compared with the those in the control group, there were
significant differences in the expression of bone-related proteins
after water-soluble matrix treatment, where certain differences
were also found among groups of 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml. Col-I, type I
collagen; OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin; Runx-2,
Runt-associated transcription factor 2.

Figure 6

Osteogenic protein expression
detected in each group following WSM treatment (0, 10, 20 and 40
µg/ml) by western blotting. There were significant differences in
the expression of bone-related proteins following WSM treatment.
Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation, n=4.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and
***P<0.001 (0 µg/ml vs. all other groups);
#P<0.05 and ###P<0.001 (10 vs. 20
µg/ml); +P<0.05, ++P<0.01 and
+++P<0.001 (10 vs. 40 µg/ml). Col-I, type I collagen;
OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin; Runx-2, Runt-associated
transcription factor 2; NC, negative control; WSM, water-soluble
matrix.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu X, Liu L, Zhang W and Xu P: Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells. Exp Ther Med 31: 8, 2026.
APA
Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., & Xu, P. (2026). Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13003
MLA
Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., Xu, P."Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.1 (2026): 8.
Chicago
Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., Xu, P."Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 1 (2026): 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13003
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu X, Liu L, Zhang W and Xu P: Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells. Exp Ther Med 31: 8, 2026.
APA
Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., & Xu, P. (2026). Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13003
MLA
Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., Xu, P."Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.1 (2026): 8.
Chicago
Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., Xu, P."Effect of the water‑soluble matrix of nanometer pearl powder on the osteogenic differentiation of hFOB1.19 cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 1 (2026): 8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13003
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