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Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology

  • Authors:
    • Xiaoshan Liu
    • Jieyu Guo
    • Qiongyao Wang
    • Wu Liu
    • Yan Xue
    • Shuang Guo
    • Miao Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Pharmacy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, Xianning Central Hospital of Hubei Province (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology), Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Risks and Related Diseases Precision Control, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China, Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 149
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    Published online on: April 2, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13144
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Abstract

In living organisms, the change in the adenosine 5'‑monophosphate (AMP)/adenosine 5'‑triphosphate ratio serves as a key signal regulating AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, which is an important molecule for the control of cellular energy metabolism and serves a key role in a number of diseases, such as diabetes and myocardial infarction. To explore novel AMPK‑interacting proteins and investigate their biological functions, the present study used TurboID proximity labeling in U251 cells stably expressing AMPK‑TurboID. Novel AMPK‑interacting proteins were explored under both normal and CCCP‑treated conditions to investigate their biological functions. Stable cell lines overexpressing AMPK‑TurboID were successfully established, and interacting proteins were identified through biotin labeling, silver staining and mass spectrometry analysis. Due to the involvement of AMPK in numerous metabolic pathways and the advantages of TurboID over traditional techniques, including its high temporal resolution, in situ labeling in living cells and its ability to capture weak and transient interactions, a number of proteins interacting with AMPK were identified. Six proteins identified by label‑free MS were validated by western blotting, showing that the expression levels of menage a trois‑1 and DNAJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member A1 (DNAJA1) closely matched the MS data. DNAJA1 was selected for further experimentation. TurboID proximity labeling, affinity purification and LC‑MS/MS, western blotting, co‑immunoprecipitation (co‑IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques demonstrated that AMPK and DNAJA1 not only interact with each other but also synergistically protect cells from apoptosis, perhaps providing a basis for targeted therapeutics (such as treatments for diabetes and myocardial infarction). The present study achieved covalent labeling of endogenous proteins located within nanometer distance of the labeling enzyme by adding a biotin‑based substrate. The labeled proteins were then captured and enriched using streptavidin‑coated magnetic beads for subsequent identification by MS. These MS results, combined with subsequent validation, led to the identification of DNAJA1 as a key AMPK‑interacting protein that synergizes with AMPK to protect cells from apoptosis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Construction of the overexpression
plasmid and flow chart of TurboID labeling. (A) Diagram of the
functional elements of the AMPK-TurboID overexpression plasmid. (B)
Biotin labeling experimental workflow. AMPK, AMP-activated protein
kinase.

Figure 2

Fluorescence imaging and validation
of the stably transfected cell lines. (A) Fluorescence image of the
293T cell line expressing plenti-CMV-EGFP. (B) Fluorescence image
of the U251 cell line expressing plenti-CMV-EGFP. (C) The left
image shows the levels of Flag, and the right image shows the
levels of AMPK. NC, negative control (U251 cells); OE,
overexpression (AMPK-TurboID overexpression cells with stable
transfection); AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; EGFP, enhanced
green fluorescent protein.

Figure 3

Biotin labeling and silver staining.
(A) Biotin labeling time screening. 1, 0 min; 2, 10 min; 3, 1 h; 4,
3 h; 5, 6 h; 6, 12 h; and 7, 24 h. (B) Effect of adding ATP on
biotin labeling. 1, 2, 3 indicate repeats without ATP added; 4, 5,
6 indicate repeat groups with ATP added. (C) Identification by
silver staining. 1, U251; 2, AMPK-U251; 3, AMPK-U251 cells treated
with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone. M, molecular weight
standard; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase.

Figure 4

Analysis of AMPK interacting
proteins. (A) Enriched pathways of proximate proteins of AMPK based
on CC. (B) Enriched pathways of proximate proteins of AMPK group
based on MF. (C) Enriched pathways of proximate proteins of AMPK
group based on BP. (D) Enriched pathways of proximate proteins of
AMPK group based on KEGG analysis. AMPK, AMP-activated protein
kinase; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; CC, cellular
components; MF, molecular functions; BP, biological processes.

Figure 5

Validation of the interaction between
AMPK and DNAJA1. (A) Co-IP was used to verify the interaction
between AMPK and DNAJA1. 1, Input of U251 cell line; 2, input of
AMPK overexpressing cell line; 3, co-IP eluate of U251 cell line
after Flag-magnetic beads affinity adsorption; and 4, co-IP eluate
of AMPK overexpressing cell line after Flag-magnetic beads affinity
adsorption. (B) Immunofluorescence validation of the interaction
between AMPK and DNAJA1. ***P<0.001,
****P<0.0001; ns, not significant. AMPK,
AMP-activated protein kinase; DNAJA1, DNAJ heat shock protein
family (Hsp40) member A1; IP, immunoprecipitation; ns, not
significant; M, molecular weight standard.

Figure 6

Western blotting validation of the
interaction between AMPK and DNAJA1 in the anti-apoptosis pathway.
1, U251; 2, AMPK-U251; 3, AMPK-U251 cells treated with CCCP; AMPK,
AMP-activated protein kinase; DNAJA1, DNAJ heat shock protein
family (Hsp40) member A1; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide
3-chlorophenylhydrazone; ns, not significant; M, molecular weight
standard. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001,
****P<0.0001; ns, not significant.
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Liu X, Guo J, Wang Q, Liu W, Xue Y, Guo S and Li M: Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology. Exp Ther Med 31: 149, 2026.
APA
Liu, X., Guo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Xue, Y., Guo, S., & Li, M. (2026). Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 149. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13144
MLA
Liu, X., Guo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Xue, Y., Guo, S., Li, M."Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.6 (2026): 149.
Chicago
Liu, X., Guo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Xue, Y., Guo, S., Li, M."Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 6 (2026): 149. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13144
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Spandidos Publications style
Liu X, Guo J, Wang Q, Liu W, Xue Y, Guo S and Li M: Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology. Exp Ther Med 31: 149, 2026.
APA
Liu, X., Guo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Xue, Y., Guo, S., & Li, M. (2026). Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 149. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13144
MLA
Liu, X., Guo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Xue, Y., Guo, S., Li, M."Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.6 (2026): 149.
Chicago
Liu, X., Guo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Xue, Y., Guo, S., Li, M."Interacting proteins of AMPK studied using TurboID proximity labeling technology". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 6 (2026): 149. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13144
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