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Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qing Xu
    • Yong Tan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 166
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    Published online on: April 14, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13161
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Abstract

The ovarian microenvironment is the functional unit of follicular development, maturation, ovulation and steroid hormone production, and its homeostasis constitutes the cornerstone of female reproductive health. In recent years, protein acylation modification, a type of post‑translational modification directly driven by intracellular metabolites, has attracted increasing attention for its role in the ovarian microenvironment. In the present study, the metabolic status that regulates the activity, stability and subcellular re‑localisation of functional proteins by triggering changes in their acylation modification levels are systematically explained. This process bridges the metabolome, transcriptome and proteome, thereby remodelling the ovarian microenvironment, modulating polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, ovarian aging or other related diseases. Additionally, it provides a theoretical foundation for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting key modification enzymes or specific modification sites.
View Figures

Figure 1

Mechanism of acylation modification
regulating the central follicular unit. Oogenesis involves dynamic
and prospective metabolic network remodeling, which can be
summarized in four phases: Metabolic quiescence and maintenance of
primordial follicles (acetylation, palmitoylation), metabolic state
transitions accompanying follicle-selective activation
(acetylation), metabolic coupling of oocyte-somatic cells
(acetylation, crotonylation) and prepositioning of metabolites in
preparation for embryonic development (acetylation, lactylation).
Specific metabolic states in the ovarian microenvironment act as
signaling molecules to influence the activities of
acylation-modifying enzymes, thereby altering the expression levels
and spatial conformations of key proteins, determining their
intracellular localization and distribution, and ultimately
triggering cell fate decisions. Achieving the dual goal of
metabolic reprogramming in the ovarian microenvironment regulates
and supports developmental potential and static reserve. NGF, nerve
growth factor; PPT1, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1; AARS2,
alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2; CPT2, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2;
GDF8, glutamate dehydrogenase 8; AGO2, argonaute 2; CK2α, casein
kinase 2 alpha; COCs, cumulus-oocyte complexes; BMP-15,
bonemorphogenetic protein-15; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem
cells; gPSCs, germline-competent PSCs; GR, glucocorticoid receptor;
IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; HDAC6, histone deacetylase 6;
FOXO3A, forkhead box O3A.
View References

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu Q and Tan Y: Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review). Exp Ther Med 31: 166, 2026.
APA
Xu, Q., & Tan, Y. (2026). Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 166. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13161
MLA
Xu, Q., Tan, Y."Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.6 (2026): 166.
Chicago
Xu, Q., Tan, Y."Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 6 (2026): 166. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13161
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu Q and Tan Y: Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review). Exp Ther Med 31: 166, 2026.
APA
Xu, Q., & Tan, Y. (2026). Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 166. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13161
MLA
Xu, Q., Tan, Y."Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.6 (2026): 166.
Chicago
Xu, Q., Tan, Y."Acylation modifications regulate the ovarian microenvironment via metabolic reprogramming and protein relocalization (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 6 (2026): 166. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13161
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