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Article Open Access

Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis

  • Authors:
    • Jyoti Rani
    • Sandeep Sisodiya
    • Kapil Kumar
    • Sandeep Kumar
    • Asiya Khan
    • Ekta Gupta
    • Showket Hussain
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: HPV Diagnostics, Research and Innovation Laboratory, ICMR‑National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India, Department of Zoology, Meerut College, C.C.S. University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250001, India, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India, Division of Clinical Oncology, ICMR‑National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
    Copyright: © Rani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 235
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    Published online on: July 6, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13230
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Abstract

Cervical cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy affecting the health of women, and a leading cause of cancer‑related mortality worldwide, particularly in low‑ and middle‑income countries. The primary cause of cervical is persistent infection with high‑risk human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly through the activation of its oncoproteins E6 and E7 that interact with host tumor suppressor genes. Another HPV oncoprotein, E5, has been reported to alter several tumorigenic signaling pathways; however, its precise role in cervical cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive in silico analysis to investigate the HPV‑E5 associated hub genes and their associated signaling pathways. Five microarray datasets, namely GSE265111, GSE26888, GSE9750, GSE7803 and GSE5787 were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database using ‘HPV E5’ and ‘cervical cancer’ as search terms. A total of 8,202 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were common to all five datasets, from which the 10 hub genes, including several nucleoporins (NUPs) were identified. Kaplan‑Meier analysis of these genes revealed that the expression of NUP85, NUP88 and NUP‑like 1/NUP58 genes was associated with overall survival, suggesting the prognostic significance of these genes. In addition, three pairs of genes, specifically: NUP5 and NUP160; NUP50 and NUP98; and NUP160 and NUP98 were observed to exhibit significant co‑occurrence, suggesting that they may be interdependent and involved in shared biological pathways in cervical cancer pathogenesis. Data from the Human Protein Atlas revealed that NUP50, NUP98 and NUP160 were differentially expressed in HPV‑positive and ‑negative cervical cancer cell lines. The findings of the present study have improved our understanding of the potential role of HPV E5 in cervical carcinogenesis. However, further functional validation is necessary to confirm the findings.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flow chart of the analyses performed
in the present study. HPV, human papillovirus; DAVID, Database for
Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery; GO, Gene
Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; STRING,
Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes; GEPIA, Gene
Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis; miRNAs, microRNAs; NUP,
nucleoporin.

Figure 2

Volcano plots showing the
differentially expressed genes in five cervical cancer datasets.
Volcano plots for the (A) GSE26511, (B) GSE26888, (C) GSE9750, (D)
GSE7803 and (E) GSE5787 datasets. Red dots indicate significantly
upregulated genes, blue dots indicate significantly downregulated
genes, and black dots represent genes with no significant change in
expression. Padj, adjusted P-value.

Figure 3

Venn diagram of the differentially
expressed genes in five cervical cancer data sets: GSE26511,
GSE26888, GSE9750, GSE7803 and GSE5787.

Figure 4

OncoPrint summary and survival
analyses performed by cBioPortal. (A) OncoPrint summary of the top
10 hub genes in cervical cancer. Kaplan-Meier analyses of (B)
overall survival and (C) progression-free survival for the combined
top 10 hub genes. NUP, nucleoporin; SEC13, SEC13 homolog, nuclear
pore and COPII coat complex component; RPPA, Reverse Phase Protein
Array; GISTIC, Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in
Cancer; RSEM, RNA-Seq by expectation maximization; Seq,
sequencing.

Figure 5

NUP50, NUP98 and NUP160 mRNA
expression in cell lines with different HPV status. (A) NUP50, (B)
NUP98 and (C) NUP160 expression in the SiHa and HeLa HPV-positive
cell lines relative to those in the C33a HPV-negative cell line.
*P<0.05. HPV, human papillomavirus; NUP,
nucleoporin.

Figure 6

Gene-gene interaction networks for
NUP genes generated using GeneMANIA. Networks for (A) NUP50, (B)
NUP98 and (C) NUP160. NUP, nucleoporin.

Figure 7

NUP-miRNA interaction network. The
red circles represent NUPs and the blue squares represent miRNAs.
NUP, nucleoporin; miRNA/mir, microRNA.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Rani J, Sisodiya S, Kumar K, Kumar S, Khan A, Gupta E and Hussain S: Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis. Exp Ther Med 32: 235, 2026.
APA
Rani, J., Sisodiya, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Khan, A., Gupta, E., & Hussain, S. (2026). Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 235. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13230
MLA
Rani, J., Sisodiya, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Khan, A., Gupta, E., Hussain, S."Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.3 (2026): 235.
Chicago
Rani, J., Sisodiya, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Khan, A., Gupta, E., Hussain, S."Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 3 (2026): 235. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13230
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Rani J, Sisodiya S, Kumar K, Kumar S, Khan A, Gupta E and Hussain S: Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis. Exp Ther Med 32: 235, 2026.
APA
Rani, J., Sisodiya, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Khan, A., Gupta, E., & Hussain, S. (2026). Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 235. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13230
MLA
Rani, J., Sisodiya, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Khan, A., Gupta, E., Hussain, S."Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.3 (2026): 235.
Chicago
Rani, J., Sisodiya, S., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Khan, A., Gupta, E., Hussain, S."Role and insights of human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein in cervical carcinogenesis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 3 (2026): 235. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13230
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