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Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Sumayya Ahmed Ayuba
    • Farida Bashar
    • Abdullahi Yahya Abbas
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Sokoto State University, PMB 2134, Sokoto, Nigeria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Life Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
    Copyright: © Ayuba et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 6
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    Published online on: November 11, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2025.29
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Abstract

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disorder marked by rigid, sickled red blood cells due to a single point mutation in the β‑globin gene. The reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) mitigates disease severity by inhibiting hemoglobin S polymerization, rendering HbF induction a key therapeutic target. Emerging evidence indicates that the γ‑globin gene is silenced and reactivated by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodeling. The present review examines epigenetic treatment options for reactivating γ‑globin in SCA, with a focus on pharmacologic modulators, such as DNA methyltransferase, histone deacetylase and lysine‑specific demethylase 1 inhibitors, as well as emerging genome‑editing strategies targeting key repressors such as B‑cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 7A. It also explores translational advancements as demonstrated by Casgevy, the first CRISPR‑based treatment approved for SCA, while highlighting persisting issues with efficacy, safety, specificity and accessibility. The aim of the present review was to clarify the translational limitations and therapeutic potential of epigenetic approaches for HbF induction in SCA.
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Spandidos Publications style
Ayuba SA, Bashar F and Abbas AY: Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review). Int J Epigen 5: 6, 2025.
APA
Ayuba, S.A., Bashar, F., & Abbas, A.Y. (2025). Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review). International Journal of Epigenetics, 5, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2025.29
MLA
Ayuba, S. A., Bashar, F., Abbas, A. Y."Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review)". International Journal of Epigenetics 5.1 (2025): 6.
Chicago
Ayuba, S. A., Bashar, F., Abbas, A. Y."Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review)". International Journal of Epigenetics 5, no. 1 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2025.29
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Ayuba SA, Bashar F and Abbas AY: Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review). Int J Epigen 5: 6, 2025.
APA
Ayuba, S.A., Bashar, F., & Abbas, A.Y. (2025). Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review). International Journal of Epigenetics, 5, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2025.29
MLA
Ayuba, S. A., Bashar, F., Abbas, A. Y."Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review)". International Journal of Epigenetics 5.1 (2025): 6.
Chicago
Ayuba, S. A., Bashar, F., Abbas, A. Y."Targeting fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell anemia: Epigenetic and gene‑modifying therapeutic strategies (Review)". International Journal of Epigenetics 5, no. 1 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2025.29
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