Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, et al: A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382:727–733. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Worldometer. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Dover, Delaware: uriWorldometers.infosimpleWorldometers.info., 2020 Available online at: uriwww.worldometers.info/coronavirussimplewww.worldometers.info/coronavirus (accessed August 28, 2020).

Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC and Garry RF: The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 26:450–452. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Contini C, Di Nuzzo M, Barp N, Bonazza A, De Giorgio R, Tognon M and Rubino S: The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern. J Infect Dev Ctries. 14:254–264. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Prada V, Benedetti L, Cocito D, Briani C, Orazio EN, Gallia F, Antonini G, Manganelli F, Fabrizi GM, Germano F, et al: High-dose immunoglobulin pulse therapy and risk of Covid19 infection. J Neurol. 1–3. 2020.doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10146-5 (Epub ahead of print). PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395:497–506. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ahmed SS: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. J Adv Med Med Res 32: 1-9, 2020.

Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL and Bhattoa HP: Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 12(988)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Zhang L and Liu Y: Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J Med Virol. 92:479–490. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Zhang R, Wang X, Ni L, Di X, Ma B, Niu S, Liu C and Reiter RJ: COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sci. 250(117583)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ang L, Lee HW, Kim A, Lee JA, Zhang J and Lee MS: Herbal medicine for treatment of children diagnosed with COVID-19: A review of guidelines. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 39(101174)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Islam MT, Sarkar C, El-Kersh DM, Jamaddar S, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA and Mubarak MS: Natural products and their derivatives against coronavirus: A review of the non-clinical and pre-clinical data. Phytother Res: Apr 4, 2020 doi: 10.1002/ptr.6700 (Epub ahead of print).

Yu MS, Lee J, Lee JM, Kim Y, Chin YW, Jee JG, Keum YS and Jeong YJ: Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 22:4049–4054. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ashour HM, Elkhatib WF, Rahman MM and Elshabrawy HA: Insights into the recent 2019 novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks. Pathogens. 9(186)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chandrasekharan JA, Marginean A and Sharma-Walia N: An insight into the role of arachidonic acid derived lipid mediators in virus associated pathogenesis and malignancies. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 126:46–54. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Innes JK and Calder PC: Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 132:41–48. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Duvall MG and Levy BD: DHA- and EPA-derived resolvins, protectins, and maresins in airway inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 785:144–155. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chiurchiù V, Leuti A, Dalli J, Jacobsson A, Battistini L, Maccarrone M and Serhan CN: Proresolving lipid mediators resolvin D1, resolvin D2, and maresin 1 are critical in modulating T cell responses. Sci Transl Med. 8(353ra111)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ramsden CE: Breathing easier with fish oil-a new approach to preventing asthma? N Engl J Med. 375:2596–2598. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Das UN: Can bioactive lipids inactivate coronavirus (COVID-19)? Arch Med Res. 51:282–286. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Velavan TP and Meyer CG: The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 25:278–280. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Victor A: Mathematical predictions for COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Available at SSRN 3555879, 2020.

McCartney DM and Byrne DG: Optimisation of Vitamin D status for enhanced immuno-protection against Covid-19. Ir Med J. 113(58)2020.PubMed/NCBI

Yalaki Z, Taşar MA, Oney H and Gokceoğlu AU: Comparison of viral agents and Vitamin D levels in children with acute bronchiolitis infection. J Pediatr Inf. 13:e14–e20. 2019.

Larkin A and Lassetter J: Vitamin D deficiency and acute lower respiratory infections in children younger than 5 years: Identification and treatment. J Pediatr Health Care. 28:572–582. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Loeb M, Dang AD, Thiem VD, Thanabalan V, Wang B, Nguyen NB, Tran HTM, Luong TM, Singh P, Smieja M, et al: Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 13:176–183. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hemilä H and Chalker E: Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: A meta-regression analysis. J Intensive Care. 8(15)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hemilä H: Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: A systematic review and statistical analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 9(46)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Jeong YJ, Kim JH, Kang JS, Lee WJ and Hwang YI: Mega-dose vitamin C attenuated lung inflammation in mouse asthma model. Anat Cell Biol. 43:294–302. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Wiesner-Reinhold M, Schreiner M, Baldermann S, Schwarz D, Hanschen FS, Kipp AP, Rowan DD, Bentley-Hewitt KL and McKenzie MJ: Mechanisms of selenium enrichment and measurement in brassicaceous vegetables, and their application to human health. Front Plant Sci. 8(1365)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T and Chavatte L: Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients. 11(2101)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Xu J, Gong Y, Sun Y, Cai J, Liu Q, Bao J, Yang J and Zhang Z: Impact of selenium deficiency on inflammation, oxidative stress, and phagocytosis in mouse macrophages. Biol Trace Elem Res. 194:237–243. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Harthill M: Micronutrient selenium deficiency influences evolution of some viral infectious diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res. 143:1325–1336. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Yu L, Sun L, Nan Y and Zhu LY: Protection from H1N1 influenza virus infections in mice by supplementation with selenium: A comparison with selenium-deficient mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 141:254–261. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Li Y, Lin Z, Guo M, Zhao M, Xia Y, Wang C, Xu T and Zhu B: Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by functionalized selenium nanoparticles with amantadine through ROS-mediated AKT signaling pathways. Int J Nanomedicine. 13:2005–2016. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Li Y, Lin Z, Gong G, Guo M, Xu T, Wang C, Zhao M, Xia Y, Tang Y, Zhong J, et al: Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by selenium nanoparticles functionalized with arbidol through ROS-mediated signaling pathways. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med. 7:4252–4262. 2019.

Kieliszek M and Lipinski B: Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Med Hypotheses. 143(109878)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Wessels I, Maywald M and Rink L: Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients. 9(1286)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Pae M and Wu D: Nutritional modulation of age-related changes in the immune system and risk of infection. Nutr Res. 41:14–35. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Barnett JB, Hamer DH and Meydani SN: Low zinc status: A new risk factor for pneumonia in the elderly? Nutr Rev. 68:30–37. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Walker CLF, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H and Black RE: Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet. 381:1405–1416. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kumar NS, Jayaprakash S and Kavitha D: Low serum Zinc level-a possible Marker of severe pneumonia. J Med Sci Clin Res. 5:21554–21570. 2017.

Shah UH, Abu-Shaheen AK, Malik MA, Alam S, Riaz M and Al-Tannir MA: The efficacy of zinc supplementation in young children with acute lower respiratory infections: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 32:193–199. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Suara RO and Crowe JE: Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:783–790. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Truong-Tran AQ, Carter J, Ruffin R and Zalewski PD: New insights into the role of zinc in the respiratory epithelium. Immunol Cell Biol. 79:170–177. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Roscioli E, Jersmann HP, Lester S, Badiei A, Fon A, Zalewski P and Hodge S: Zinc deficiency as a codeterminant for airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in an ex vivo model of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 12:3503–3510. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Darma A, Athiyyah AF, Ranuh RG, Merbawani W, Setyoningrum RA, Hidajat B, Hidayati SN, Endaryanto A and Sudarmo SM: Zinc Supplementation effect on the bronchial cilia length, the number of cilia, and the number of intact bronchial cell in Zinc deficiency rats. Indones Biomed J. 12:78–84. 2020.

Woodworth BA, Zhang S, Tamashiro E, Bhargave G, Palmer JN and Cohen NA: Zinc increases ciliary beat frequency in a calcium-dependent manner. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 24:6–10. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ and van Hemert MJ: Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog. 6(e1001176)2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kumar A, Kubota Y, Chernov M and Kasuya H: Potential role of Zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses. 144(109848)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Wessling-Resnick M: Crossing the Iron gate: Why and how transferrin receptors mediate viral entry. Annu Rev Nutr. 38:431–458. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R, Mayall JR, Martin KL, Shahandeh A, Abbasian F, Starkey MR, Loustaud-Ratti V, Johnstone D, et al: Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 88:181–195. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Jayaweera JAAS, Reyes M and Joseph A: Childhood iron deficiency anemia leads to recurrent respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis. Sci Rep. 9(12637)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Homma S, Azuma A, Taniguchi H, Ogura T, Mochiduki Y, Sugiyama Y, Nakata K, Yoshimura K, Takeuchi M and Kudoh S: Japan NAC Clinical Study Group: Efficacy of inhaled N-acetylcysteine monotherapy in patients with early stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology. 17:467–477. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Blasi F, Page C, Rossolini GM, Pallecchi L, Matera MG, Rogliani P and Cazzola M: The effect of N-acetylcysteine on biofilms: Implications for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med. 117:190–197. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, Jardim J, Chuchalin AG, Rogliani P and Matera MG: Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: A meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 24:451–461. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Santus P, Corsico A, Solidoro P, Braido F, Di Marco F and Scichilone N: Oxidative stress and respiratory system: Pharmacological and clinical reappraisal of N-acetylcysteine. COPD. 11:705–717. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mata M, Sarrion I, Armengot M, Carda C, Martinez I, Melero JA and Cortijo J: Respiratory syncytial virus inhibits ciliagenesis in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells: Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine. PLoS One. 7(e48037)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Sadowska AM: N-Acetylcysteine mucolysis in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 6:127–135. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Andreou A, Trantza S, Filippou D, Sipsas N and Tsiodras S: COVID-19: The potential role of copper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a combination of candidate antiviral treatments against SARS-CoV-2. In Vivo. 34:1567–1588. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Jaiswal N, Bhatnagar M and Shah H: N-acetycysteine: A potential therapeutic agent in COVID-19 infection. Med Hypotheses. 144(110133)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ohtake S, Arakawa T and Koyama AH: Arginine as a synergistic virucidal agent. Molecules. 15:1408–1424. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Meingast C and Heldt CL: Arginine-enveloped virus inactivation and potential mechanisms. Biotechnol Prog. 36(e2931)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Tsujimoto K, Uozaki M, Ikeda K, Yamazaki H, Utsunomiya H, Ichinose M, Koyama AH and Arakawa T: Solvent-induced virus inactivation by acidic arginine solution. Int J Mol Med. 25:433–437. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Yamasaki H, Tsujimoto K, Koyama AH, Ejima D and Arakawa T: Arginine facilitates inactivation of enveloped viruses. J Pharm Sci. 97:3067–3073. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ikeda K, Yamasaki H, Minami S, Suzuki Y, Tsujimoto K, Sekino Y, Irie H, Arakawa T and Koyama AH: Arginine inactivates human herpesvirus 2 and inhibits genital herpesvirus infection. Int J Mol Med. 30:1307–1312. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ikeda K, Yamasaki H, Suzuki Y, Koyama AH and Arakawa T: Novel strategy with acidic arginine solution for the treatment of influenza A virus infection. Exp Ther Med. 1:251–256. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Zhang R, Kubo M, Murakami I, Setiawan H, Takemoto K, Inoue K, Fujikura Y and Ogino K: l-Arginine administration attenuates airway inflammation by altering l-arginine metabolism in an NC/Nga mouse model of asthma. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 56:201–207. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Pierre JF, Heneghan AF, Lawson CM, Wischmeyer PE, Kozar RA and Kudsk KA: Pharmaconutrition review: Physiological mechanisms. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 37 (5 Suppl):51S–65S. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lee CH, Kim HK, Kim JM, Ayush O, Im SY, Oh DK and Lee HK: Glutamine suppresses airway neutrophilia by blocking cytosolic phospholipase A(2) via an induction of MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol. 189:5139–5146. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lai CC, Liu WL and Chen CM: Glutamine attenuates acute lung injury caused by acid aspiration. Nutrients. 6:3101–3116. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Oliveira GP, De Abreu MG, Pelosi P and Rocco PR: Exogenous glutamine in respiratory diseases: Myth or reality? Nutrients. 8(76)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Romano L, Bilotta F, Dauri M, Macheda S, Pujia A, De Santis GL, Tarsitano MG, Merra G, Di Renzo L, Esposito E and De Lorenzo A: Short report-medical nutrition therapy for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 24:4035–4039. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

West NP, Horn PL, Pyne DB, Gebski VJ, Lahtinen SJ, Fricker PA and Cripps AW: Probiotic supplementation for respiratory and gastrointestinal illness symptoms in healthy physically active individuals. Clin Nutr. 33:581–587. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Maldonado J, Cañabate F, Sempere L, Vela F, Sánchez AR, Narbona E, López-Huertas E, Geerlings A, Valero AD, Olivares M and Lara-Villoslada F: Human milk probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 54:55–61. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ozen M, Kocabas Sandal G and Dinleyici EC: Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 15:9–20. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Strasser B, Geiger D, Schauer M, Gostner JM, Gatterer H, Burtscher M and Fuchs D: Probiotic supplements beneficially affect tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism and reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in trained athletes: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 8(752)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hor YY, Lew LC, Lau ASY, Ong JS, Chuah LO, Lee YY, Choi SB, Rashid F, Wahid N, Sun Z, et al: Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LCZ) alleviates respiratory, gastrointestinal & RBC abnormality via immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory & anti-oxidative actions. J Funct Foods. 44:235–245. 2018.

Kitazawa H and Villena J: Modulation of respiratory TLR3-anti-viral response by probiotic microorganisms: Lessons learned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. Front Immunol. 5(201)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Eguchi K, Fujitani N, Nakagawa H and Miyazaki T: Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection with probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055. Sci Rep. 9(4812)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kang EJ, Kim SY, Hwang IH and Ji YJ: The effect of probiotics on prevention of common cold: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial studies. Korean J Fam Med. 34:2–10. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mak JWY, Chan FKL and Ng SC: Probiotics and COVID-19: One size does not fit all. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5:644–645. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C and Ranasinghe P: Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14:367–382. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Morais AHA, Passos TS, Maciel BLL and da Silva-Maia JK: Can probiotics and diet promote beneficial immune modulation and purine control in coronavirus infection? Nutrients. 12(1737)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Infusino F, Marazzato M, Mancone M, Fedele F, Mastroianni CM, Severino P, Ceccarelli G, Santinelli L, Cavarretta E, Marullo AGM, et al: Diet supplementation, probiotics, and Nutraceuticals in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A scoping review. Nutrients. 12(1718)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Baud D, Agri VD, Gibson GR, Reid G and Giannoni E: Using probiotics to flatten the curve of coronavirus disease COVID-2019 pandemic. Front Public Health. 8(186)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ibarguren M, López DJ and Escribá PV: The effect of natural and synthetic fatty acids on membrane structure, microdomain organization, cellular functions and human health. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1838:1518–1528. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Thom G and Lean M: Is there an optimal diet for weight management and metabolic health? Gastroenterology. 152:1739–1751. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lemoine S CM, Brigham EP, Woo H, Hanson CK, McCormack MC, Koch A, Putcha N and Hansel NN: Omega-3 fatty acid intake and prevalent respiratory symptoms among U.S. adults with COPD. BMC Pulm Med. 19(97)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Barraza-Villarreal A, Hernández-Cadena L, Navarro-Olivos E, Sly PD and Romieu I: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in children. Chest. 146:373–382. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Singer P and Shapiro H: Enteral omega-3 in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 12:123–128. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Abidi A, Kourda N, Feki M and Ben Khamsa S: Protective effect of Tunisian flaxseed oil against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Nutr Cancer. 72:226–238. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Whyand T, Hurst JR, Beckles M and Caplin ME: Pollution and respiratory disease: Can diet or supplements help? A review. Respir Res. 19(79)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Knapp HR: Omega-3 fatty acids in respiratory diseases: A review. J Am Coll Nutr. 14:18–23. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Miyata J and Arita M: Role of omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites in asthma and allergic diseases. Allergol Int. 64:27–34. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Yates CM, Calder PC and Rainger GE: Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther. 141:272–282. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Morita M, Kuba K, Ichikawa A, Nakayama M, Katahira J, Iwamoto R, Watanebe T, Sakabe S, Daidoji T, Nakamura S, et al: The lipid mediator protectin D1 inhibits influenza virus replication and improves severe influenza. Cell. 153:112–125. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Linday LA, Shindledecker RD, Tapia-Mendoza J and Dolitsky JN: Effect of daily cod liver oil and a multivitamin-mineral supplement with selenium on upper respiratory tract pediatric visits by young, inner-city, Latino children: Randomized pediatric sites. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 113:891–901. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Da Boit M, Gabriel BM, Gray P and Gray SR: The effect of fish oil, vitamin D and protein on URTI incidence in young active people. Int J Sports Med. 36:426–430. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Philpott JD, Witard OC and Galloway SD: Applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for sport performance. Res Sports Med. 27:219–237. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Langlois PL, D'Aragon F, Hardy G and Manzanares W: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 61:84–92. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Calder PC: Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: From molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans. 45:1105–1115. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Imai Y: Role of omega-3 PUFA-derived mediators, the protectins, in influenza virus infection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1851:496–502. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Messina G, Polito R, Monda V, Cipolloni L, Di Nunno N, Di Mizio G, Murabito P, Carotenuto M, Messina A, Pisanelli D, et al: Functional role of dietary intervention to improve the outcome of COVID-19: A hypothesis of work. Int J Mol Sci. 21(3104)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hammock BD, Wang W, Gilligan MM and Panigrahy D: Eicosanoids: The overlooked storm in COVID-19? Am J Pathol. 190:1782–1788. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Torrinhas RS, Calder PC, Lemos GO and Waitzberg DL: Parenteral fish oil, an adjuvant pharmacotherapy for COVID-19? Nutrition. 81(110900)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

De Marco Castro E, Calder PC and Roche HM: β-1,3/1,6-glucans and immunity: State of the art and future directions. Mol Nutr Food Res. (e1901071)2020.doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201901071 (Epub ahead of print).

Murphy EA, Davis JM, Brown AS, Carmichael MD, Carson JA, Van Rooijen N, Ghaffar A and Mayer EP: Benefits of oat β-glucan on respiratory infection following exercise stress: Role of lung macrophages. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 294:R1593–R1599. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Dharsono T, Rudnicka K, Wilhelm M and Schoen C: Effects of yeast (1,3)-(1,6)-beta-glucan on severity of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 38:40–50. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Jesenak M, Urbancikova I and Banovcin P: Respiratory tract infections and the role of biologically active polysaccharides in their management and prevention. Nutrients. 9(779)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Talbott S and Talbott J: Effect of BETA 1, 3/1, 6 GLUCAN on upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and mood state in marathon athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 8:509–515. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

Urbancikova I, Hudackova D, Majtan J, Rennerova Z, Banovcin P and Jesenak M: Efficacy of Pleuran (β-Glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) in the management of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020(8562309)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Murphy EA, Davis JM, Brown AS, Carmichael MD, Ghaffar A and Mayer EP: Effects of oat β-glucan on the macrophage cytokine response to herpes simplex virus 1 infection in vitro. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 32:362–367. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Muramatsu D, Iwai A, Aoki S, Uchiyama H, Kawata K, Nakayama Y, Nikawa Y, Kusano K, Okabe M and Miyazaki T: β-glucan derived from Aureobasidium pullulans is effective for the prevention of influenza in mice. PLoS One. 7(e41399)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Vetvicka V and Vetvickova J: Glucan supplementation enhances the immune response against an influenza challenge in mice. Ann Transl Med. 3(22)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Geller A and Yan J: Could the induction of trained immunity by β-Glucan serve as a defense against COVID-19? Front Immunol. 11(1782)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Murphy EJ, Masterson C, Rezoagli E, O'Toole D, Major I, Stack GD, Lynch M, Laffey JG and Rowan NJ: β-Glucan extracts from the same edible shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes produce differential in-vitro immunomodulatory and pulmonary cytoprotective effects-Implications for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) immunotherapies. Sci Total Environ. 732(139330)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Singh S, Sharma B, Kanwar SS and Kumar A: Lead phytochemicals for anticancer drug development. Front Plant Sci. 7(1667)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG and Lightfoot DA: Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants. 6(42)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Prasanna G, Ujwal A, Diliprajudominic S, Marimuthu T and Saraswathi NT: A new pipeline to discover antimycotics by inhibiting ergosterol and riboflavin synthesis: The inspirations of Siddha medicine. Med Chem Res. 23:2651–2658. 2014.

Oliveira AF, Teixeira RR, Oliveira ASD, Souza AP, Silva MLD and Paula SO: Potential Antivirals: Natural products targeting replication enzymes of dengue and chikungunya viruses. Molecules. 22(505)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lin LT, Hsu WC and Lin CC: Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines. J Tradit Complement Med. 4:24–35. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Cheng PW, Ng LT, Chiang LC and Lin CC: Antiviral effects of saikosaponins on human coronavirus 229E in vitro. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 33:612–616. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lau KM, Lee KM, Koon CM, Cheung CS, Lau CP, Ho HM, Lee MY, Au SW, Cheng CH, Lau CB, et al: Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. J Ethnopharmacol. 118:79–85. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Maree JE and Viljoen AM: Phytochemical distinction between Pelargonium sidoides and Pelargonium reniforme-A quality control perspective. S Afr J Bot. 82:83–91. 2012.

Careddu D and Pettenazzo A: Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs 7630: A review of its clinical efficacy and safety for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children. Int J Gen Med. 11:91–98. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Baars EW, Zoen EBV, Breitkreuz T, Martin D, Matthes H, von Schoen-Angerer T, Soldner G, Vagedes J, van Wietmarschen H, Patijn O, et al: The contribution of complementary and alternative medicine to reduce antibiotic use: A narrative review of health concepts, prevention, and treatment strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019(5365608)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Michaelis M, Doerr HW and Cinatl J Jr: Investigation of the influence of EPs^® 7630, a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides, on replication of a broad panel of respiratory viruses. Phytomedicine. 18:384–386. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Krausse R, Ragazzi E, Pellati D, Armanini D and Bielenberg J: Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytother Res. 22:141–148. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Feng Yeh C, Wang KC, Chiang LC, Shieh DE, Yen MH and San Chang J: Water extract of licorice had anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol. 148:466–473. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, Khan SA, Najmi AK, Siddique NA, Damanhouri ZA and Anwar F: A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 3:337–352. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Dajani EZ, Shahwan TG and Dajani NE: Overview of the preclinical pharmacological properties of Nigella sativa (black seeds): A complementary drug with historical and clinical significance. J Physiol Pharmacol. 67:801–817. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

Li SY, Chen C, Zhang HQ, Guo HY, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang X, Hua SN, Yu J and Xiao PG: Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 67:18–23. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Cui JD: Biotechnological production and applications of Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 35:475–484. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ashraf SA, Elkhalifa AE, Siddiqui AJ, Patel M, Awadelkareem AM, Snoussi M, Ashraf MS, Adnan M and Hadi S: Cordycepin for health and wellbeing: A Potent bioactive metabolite of an entomopathogenic cordyceps medicinal fungus and its nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Molecules. 25(2735)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Daba G: The endless nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits of the Himalayan gold, Cordyceps; Current knowledge and prospective potentials. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem. 18:70–77. 2020.

Yang M, Shang YX, Tian ZY, Xiong M, Lu CL, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YY, Jin XY, Jin QB, et al: Characteristics of registered studies for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review. Integr Med Res. 9(100426)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Boone HA, Medunjanin D and Sijerčić A: Review on potential of phytotherapeutics in fight against COVID-19. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol. 5:481–491. 2020.

Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Sujarit K, Pattananandecha T, Saenjum C and Lumyong S: Natural bioactive compounds from fungi as potential candidates for protease inhibitors and immunomodulators to apply for coronaviruses. Molecules. 25(1800)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Umesh Kundu D, Selvaraj C, Singh SK and Dubey VK: Identification of new anti-nCoV drug chemical compounds from Indian spices exploiting SARS-CoV-2 main protease as target. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 1–9. 2020.doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1763202 (Epub ahead of print). PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Paintsil E and Cheng YC: Antiviral agents. Encyclopedia Microbiology. 176–225. 2019.doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.02387-4.

Xing Y, Mo P, Xiao Y, Zhao O, Zhang Y and Wang F: Post-discharge surveillance and positive virus detection in two medical staff recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China, January to February 2020. Euro Surveill. 25(2000191)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar