Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
May 2013 Volume 31 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May 2013 Volume 31 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation

  • Authors:
    • James L. Figarola
    • Samuel Rahbar
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
  • Pages: 1166-1176
    |
    Published online on: March 21, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1313
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. It is one of the principal causative factors involved in the development of metabolic syndrome and cancer. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation has often been a target of anti-obesity strategies since obesity is caused not only by hypertrophy but also by adipocyte hyperplasia. In this study, we investigated the effects of COH-SR4, a novel compound with anticancer properties, on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with COH-SR4 significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect mainly occurred at the early phase of differentiation through inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase transition. In differentiating adipocytes, COH-SR4 significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and downregulated the expression of key adipogenesis-related transcription factors and lipogenic proteins. COH-SR4 exhibited no cytotoxic effects in 3T3-L1 cells, but indirectly activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK activation by COH-SR4 also resulted in the phosphorylation of raptor and tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2), two proteins involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Additionally, COH-SR4 decreased the phosphorylation of p70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) and initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4EB‑P1), two downstream effectors of mTOR that regulate protein synthesis. Interestingly, knockdown of AMPKα1/α2 prevented the ability of COH-SR4 to inhibit cell cycle arrest and overall adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in the differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that COH-SR4 inhibits 3T3-L1 adipogenesis via AMPK activation. COH-SR4 may be a promising compound for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Grundy SM: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89:2595–2600. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Khandekar MJ, Cohen P and Spiegelman BM: Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nat Rev Cancer. 11:886–895. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Jo J, Gavrilova O, Pack S, Jou W, Mullen S, Sumner AE, Cushman SW and Periwal V: Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia: dynamics of adipose tissue growth. PLoS Comput Biol. 5:e10003242009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Pilch PF and Bergenhem N: Pharmacological targeting of adipocytes/fat metabolism for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Mol Pharmacol. 70:779–785. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Rosen ED and MacDougald OA: Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7:885–896. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Lowe CE, O’Rahilly S and Rochford JJ: Adipogenesis at a glance. J Cell Sci. 124:2681–2686. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tang QQ, Otto TC and Lane MD: Mitotic clonal expansion: a synchronous process required for adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:44–49. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Fajas L: Adipogenesis: a cross-talk between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Ann Med. 35:79–85. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Farmer SR: Transcriptional control of adipocyte formation. Cell Metab. 4:263–273. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Hardie DG: AMP-activated protein kinase: an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function. Genes Dev. 25:1895–1908. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Carling D, Mayer FV, Sanders MJ and Gamblin SJ: AMP-activated protein kinase: nature’s energy sensor. Nat Chem Biol. 7:512–518. 2011.

12 

Steinberg GR and Kemp BE: AMPK in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 89:1025–1078. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Villena JA, Viollet B, Andreelli F, Kahn A, Vaulont S and Sul HS: Induced adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy in mice lacking the AMP-activated protein kinase-alpha2 subunit. Diabetes. 53:2242–2249. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Zhang W, Zhang X, Wang H, et al: AMP-activated protein kinase α1 protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes. 61:3114–3125. 2012.

15 

Habinowski SA and Witters LA: The effects of AICAR on adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 286:852–856. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Giri S, Rattan R, Haq E, Khan M, Yasmin R, Won JS, Key L, Singh AK and Singh I: AICAR inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3L1 and restores metabolic alterations in diet-induced obesity mice model. Nutr Metab. 3:312006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhu Q, Gao X, Yang S, Xu A and Wu D: Inhibitory effects of A-769662, a novel activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Biol Pharm Bull. 32:993–998. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Vingtdeux V, Chandakkar P, Zhao H, Davies P and Marambaud P: Small-molecule activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), RSVA314 and RSVA405, inhibit adipogenesis. Mol Med. 17:1022–1030. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Figarola JL, Weng Y, Lincoln C, Horne D and Rahbar S: Novel dichlorophenyl urea compounds inhibit proliferation of human leukemia HL-60 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis. Invest New Drugs. 30:1413–1425. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Singhal SS, Figarola J, Singhal J, et al: 1,3-Bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl) urea compound ‘COH-SR4′ inhibits proliferation and activates apoptosis in melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol. 84:1419–1427. 2012.

21 

Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR and Berneman ZN: The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif. 36:131–149. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Fingar DC, Richardson CJ, Tee AR, Cheatham L, Tsou C and Blenis J: mTOR controls cell cycle progression through its cell growth effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP1/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. Mol Cell Biol. 24:200–216. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Laplante M and Sabatini DM: mTOR signaling in growth control and disease. Cell. 149:274–293. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zoncu R, Efeyan A and Sabatini DM: mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12:21–35. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Ma XM and Blenis J: Molecular mechanisms of mTOR-mediated translational control. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10:307–318. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Gwinn DM, Shackelford DB, Egan DF, Mihaylova MM, Mery A, Vasquez DS, Turk BE and Shaw RJ: AMPK phosphorylation of raptor mediates a metabolic checkpoint. Mol Cell. 30:214–226. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Inoki K, Zhu T and Guan KL: TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell. 115:577–590. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM and Sabatini DM: Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science. 307:1098–1101. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Fogarty S and Hardie DG: Development of protein kinase activators: AMPK as a target in metabolic disorders and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1804:581–591. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Menendez JA and Lupu R: Fatty acid synthase and the lipogenic phenotype in cancer pathogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 7:763–777. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Hardie DG: Sensing of energy and nutrients by AMP-activated protein kinase. Am J Clin Nutr. 93:891S–896S. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Qiu BY, Turner N, Li YY, et al: High-throughput assay for modulators of mitochondrial membrane potential identifies a novel compound with beneficial effects on db/db mice. Diabetes. 59:256–265. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Chen S, Li Z, Li W, Shan Z and Zhu W: Resveratrol inhibits cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of AMPK. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 89:793–799. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Lee YS, Kim WS, Kim KH, et al: Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. Diabetes. 55:2256–2264. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Rattan R, Giri S, Singh AK and Singh I: 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside inhibits cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo via AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 280:39582–39593. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Inoki K, Kim J and Guan KL: AMPK and mTOR in cellular energy homeostasis and drug targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 52:381–400. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Laplante M and Sabatini DM: An emerging role of mTOR in lipid biosynthesis. Curr Biol. 19:R1046–R1052. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Polak P, Cybulski N, Feige JN, Auwerx J, Rüegg MA and Hall MN: Adipose-specific knockout of raptor results in lean mice with enhanced mitochondrial respiration. Cell Metab. 8:399–410. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zhang HH, Huang J, Düvel K, et al: Insulin stimulates adipogenesis through the Akt-TSC2-mTORC1 pathway. PLoS One. 4:e61892009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Dowling RJ, Topisirovic I, Alain T, et al: mTORC1-mediated cell proliferation, but not cell growth, controlled by the 4E-BPs. Science. 328:1172–1176. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Culjkovic B, Topisirovic I, Skrabanek L, Ruiz-Gutierrez M and Borden KL: eIF4E is a central node of an RNA regulon that governs cellular proliferation. J Cell Biol. 175:415–426. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Calkhoven CF, Muller C and Leutz A: Translational control of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta isoform expression. Genes Dev. 14:1920–1932. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Rosen ED, Hsu C-H, Wang X, Sakai S, Freeman MW, Gonzalez FJ and Spiegelman BM: C/EBPalpha induces adipogenesis through PPARgamma: a unified pathway. Genes Dev. 16:22–26. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Yeh WC, Bierer BE and McKnight SL: Rapamycin inhibits clonal expansion and adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:11086–11090. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Hashemolhosseini S, Nagamine Y, Morley SJ, Desrivières S, Mercep L and Ferrari S: Rapamycin inhibition of the G1 to S transition is mediated by effects on cyclin D1 mRNA and protein stability. J Biol Chem. 273:14424–14429. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Cho HJ, Park J, Lee HW, Lee YS and Kim JB: Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and insulin action with rapamycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 321:942–948. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

El-Chaar D, Gagnon A and Sorisky A: Inhibition of insulin signaling and adipogenesis by rapamycin: effect on phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase vs eIF4E-BP1. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 28:191–198. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Kimura N, Tokunaga C, Dalal S, et al: A possible linkage between AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. Genes Cells. 8:65–79. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Chiang PC, Lin SC, Pan SL, Kuo CH, et al: Antroquinonol displays anticancer potential against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: a crucial role of AMPK and mTOR pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 79:162–171. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Kalender A, Selvaraj A, Kim SY, et al: Metformin, independent of AMPK, inhibits mTORC1 in a rag GTPase-dependent manner. Cell Metab. 11:390–401. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Figarola JL and Rahbar S: Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation. Int J Mol Med 31: 1166-1176, 2013.
APA
Figarola, J.L., & Rahbar, S. (2013). Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31, 1166-1176. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1313
MLA
Figarola, J. L., Rahbar, S."Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31.5 (2013): 1166-1176.
Chicago
Figarola, J. L., Rahbar, S."Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31, no. 5 (2013): 1166-1176. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1313
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Figarola JL and Rahbar S: Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation. Int J Mol Med 31: 1166-1176, 2013.
APA
Figarola, J.L., & Rahbar, S. (2013). Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31, 1166-1176. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1313
MLA
Figarola, J. L., Rahbar, S."Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31.5 (2013): 1166-1176.
Chicago
Figarola, J. L., Rahbar, S."Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31, no. 5 (2013): 1166-1176. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1313
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team