Thrombopoietin amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation in human platelets: Importance of pre-treatment

  • Authors:
    • Nguyen The Cuong
    • Tomoaki Doi
    • Rie Matsushima-Nishiwaki
    • Shigeru Akamatsu
    • Gen Kuroyanagi
    • Akira Kondo
    • Jun Mizutani
    • Ikuo Wada
    • Takanobu Otsuka
    • Haruhiko Tokuda
    • Osamu Kozawa
    • Shinji Ogura
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: April 11, 2013     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1345
  • Pages: 1291-1297
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Abstract

It has been shown that thrombopoietin (TPO) amplifies agonist-induced platelet activation. However, the precise mechanism of action of TPO has not yet been fully elucidated. We have previously reported that the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‑induced phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) via the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway correlates with the ADP-induced platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB secretion and the release of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) from human platelets. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TPO on platelet activation induced by ADP. We examined the effects of TPO on ADP-induced platelet activation under different treatments: TPO was administered 15 min prior to stimulation with ADP (pre-treatment); TPO and ADP were simultaneously administered (simultaneous treatment); and TPO was administered 2 min following stimulation with ADP (post-treatment). TPO, which alone had no effect on platelet aggregation, synergistically enhanced the ADP (1 mM)-induced platelet aggregation only when it was administered prior to stimulation with ADP. Pre-treatment with TPO significantly increased the secretion of PDGF-AB and the release of sCD40L, and markedly enhanced the ADP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27 in the platelets. However, simultaneous treatment with TPO or TPO post-treatment failed to affect the ADP-induced platelet aggregation, the secretion of PDGF-AB, the release of sCD40L and the phosphorylation p38 MAP kinase or HSP27. These results strongly suggest that pre-treatment with TPO significantly amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation via the p38 MAP kinase pathway in human platelets.

Introduction

Platelet adhesion and aggregation are the first steps in thrombus formation at the injured vascular site, and play a crucial role in hemostasis. Platelets are activated by various stimuli, resulting in shape change, adhesion, aggregation and subsequently, thrombus formation. Thrombus formation is associated with the release of granule contents, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB and serotonin, as well as the release of inflammatory substances, such as soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L). These secreted and generated mediators trigger a positive feedback mechanism that potentiates platelet activation (1,2).

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is released from damaged cells and secreted from platelet-dense granules, contributes to the positive feedback mechanism for platelet activation by acting through P2 receptors on the platelet surface (1). It is recognized that ADP is an essential co-factor for the activation of platelets by other platelet agonists; however, ADP is a weak agonist for platelets compared to thrombin or collagen (1). ADP induces shape change and platelet aggregation through P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. It has been reported that P2Y1 or P2Y12 receptors stimulated by ADP induce the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p44/p42 MAP kinase among the MAP kinase superfamily (1,35).

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed in a variety of cells in response to various types of biological stress, such as heat stress and chemical stress (6). HSP27 belongs to the low molecular weight HSP family (HSPB) with a molecular mass ranging from 10 to 30 kDa (6). It is generally known that HSP27 activity is regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation (6). HSP27 is promptly phosphorylated in response to various types of stress, as well as following exposure to cytokines and mitogens, and changes from an aggregated to a dissociated form (6). Human HSP27 is phosphorylated at three serine residues (Ser-15, Ser-78 and Ser-82). It is recognized that the phosphorylation of HSP27 is catalyzed by members of the MAP kinase superfamily, such as p38 MAP kinase (6). It has been shown that ADP induces HSP27 phosphorylation in human platelets (7). We have previously demonstrated that the ADP-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 via the p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase pathway correlates with PDGF-AB secretion and the release of sCD40L from human platelets (8).

It is well known that thrombopoietin (TPO), which is recognized as a Mpl ligand or a megakaryocyte growth and differentiation factor, is a pivotal physiological regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production (9). TPO interacts with its receptor, c-Mpl, resulting in the activation of a variety of signal transduction pathways (1015). It has been reported that TPO alone fails to induce platelet aggregation, but potentiates platelet activation stimulated by numerous platelet agonists (12,1618). However, the exact mechanism behind the amplification of platelets by agonists and TPO has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TPO on ADP-induced human platelet activation. We demonstrate that pre-treatment with TPO amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation via the p38 MAP kinase pathway in human platelets.

Materials and methods

Materials

ADP was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Recombinant human TPO was purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). p38 MAP kinase antibodies and phospho-p38 MAP kinase antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling, Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA). HSP27 antibodies, phospho-HSP27 (Ser-15) antibodies and phospho-HSP27 (Ser-78) antibodies were from Stressgen Biotechnologies (Victoria, BC, Canada). Phospho-HSP27 (Ser-82) antibodies were from Biomol Research Laboratories, (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA). GAPDH antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The ECL western blotting detection system was purchased from GE Healthcare (Buckinghamshire, UK). Other materials and chemicals were obtained from commercial sources.

Preparation of platelets

Human blood was donated from healthy volunteers and collected into a 1/10 volume of 3.8% sodium citrate. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was obtained from blood samples by centrifugation at 155 × g for 12 min at room temperature. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) was prepared from the residual blood by centrifugation at 2,500 × g for 15 min. All participants signed an informed consent agreement after receiving a detailed explanation, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.

Measurement of platelet aggregation induced by ADP

Platelet aggregation using citrated PRP was carried out in a PA-200 aggregometer (Kowa Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), which can determine the size of platelet aggregates based upon particle counting using laser scattering methods (small size, 9–25 mm; medium size, 25–50 mm; large size, 50–70 mm), at 37°C with a stirring speed of 800 rpm. The platelets were pre-incubated for 1 min, and then platelet aggregation was monitored for 4 min. The percentage of transmittance of the isolated platelets was recorded as 0%, and that of PPP (blank) was recorded as 100%. When indicated, TPO was administered to PRP 15 min prior to with stimulation ADP (pre-treatment), simultaneously with ADP (simultaneous treatment), and 2 min following stimulation with ADP (post-treatment).

Protein preparation following stimulation with ADP

Following stimulation with ADP, platelet aggregation was terminated by the addition of an ice-cold EDTA (10 mM) solution for 5 min for the western blot analysis samples or for 30 min for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) samples. The mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 × g at 4°C for 2 min. The supernatant was isolated and stored at −30°C for subsequent ELISA to measure the levels of PDGF-AB and sCD40L. For western blot analysis, the pellet was washed twice with PBS and then lysed and immediately boiled in lysis buffer containing 62.5 mM Tris/Cl, pH 6.8, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 50 mM dithiothreitol and 10% glycerol.

Western blot analysis

Western blot analysis was performed as previously described (8). Briefly, SDS-polyacrolamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was performed according to the method described in the study by Laemmli (19) in a 10% polyacrylamide gel. Proteins in the gel were transferred onto polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% fat-free dry milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBS-T, 20 mM Tris-HCl; pH 7.6, 137 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h prior to incubation with the indicated primary antibodies overnight. The primary antibodies used in the study were against GAPDH, HSP27, phospho-HSP27 (Ser-15), phospho-HSP27 (Ser-78), phospho-HSP27 (Ser-82), p38 MAP kinase and phospho-p38 MAP kinase antibodies. Peroxidase-labeled anti-goat IgG or anti-rabbit IgG antibodies were used as secondary antibodies. The primary and secondary antibodies were diluted by optimum concentration of 5% fat-free dry milk in TBS-T. Peroxidase activity on PVDF membranes was visualized on X-ray films by means of an ECL western blotting detection system as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

Measurement of PDGF-AB and sCD40L levels

The PDGF-AB and sCD40L levels in the samples were determined using PDGF-AB Quantikine and sCD40-Ligand Quantikine ELIsySA kits (R&D Systems, Inc.), respectively, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Statistical analysis

Unless otherwise stated, representative results from five independent experiments are shown in the figures. The data are presented as the means ± SEM. The data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test, and a p-value <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Effect of TPO on ADP-induced platelet aggregation

We first examined the effect of pre-treatment with TPO on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. TPO, which on its own did not induce platelet aggregation, significantly enhanced the platelet aggregation induced by 1 mM ADP (Fig. 1). According to the analysis of the size of the aggregates, the percentage of large-size aggregates (50–70 mm) was significantly increased from 34 to 57%. On the other hand, TPO markedly decreased the number of small aggregates.

We then examined the dose-dependent effect of TPO on the ADP (1 mM)-induced platelet aggregation. The amplifying effect of TPO (between 10 and 100 mM) was dose-dependent (Fig. 2). The number of large aggregates was dose-dependently increased by TPO, whereas the number of small aggregates was decreased.

In order to clarify the exact mechanism of action of TPO in ADP-induced platelet activation, we examined the effect of a combination of TPO and ADP on platelet aggregation. In contrast to pre-treatment with TPO, the simultaneous stimulation with TPO and ADP did not further enhance platelet aggregation compared to treatment with ADP alone (Fig. 3). In addition, post-treatment with TPO following stimulation with ADP had no additional effect on the platelet aggregation induced by ADP alone (Fig. 4).

Effects of TPO on ADP-induced PDGF-AB secretion and release of sCD40L

Pre-treatment with TPO (between 10 and 100 ng/ml) significantly enhanced the ADP-induced PDGF-AB secretion in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5A). In addition, the release of sCD40L stimulated by ADP was dose-dependently amplified following pre-treatment with TPO (Fig. 5B).

On the other hand, the simultaneous stimulation with TPO and ADP did not further enhance the PDGF-AB secretion compared to treatment with ADP alone (Fig. 6A). Additionally, post-treatment with TPO following stimulation with ADP failed to amplify the ADP-induced release of sCD40L (Fig. 6B).

Effects of TPO on the ADP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27 in human platelets

We have previously shown that ADP induces HSP27 phosphorylation via the activation of the p38 MAP kinase in human platelets, resulting in the stimulation of PDGF-AB secretion and the release of sCD40L (8). Therefore, we examined the effect of pre-treatment with TPO on the ADP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27. Pre-treatment with TPO (between 10 and 100 mM), which on its own had little effect on p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation, dose-dependently enhanced the ADP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 7A). However, as regards the simultaneous stimulation with TPO and ADP or post-treatment with TPO, the phosphorylated levels of p38 MAP kinase were similar to those induced by treatment with ADP alone (Fig. 7B and C).

Pre-treatment with TPO, which alone had little effect on the HSP27 phosphorylation (data not shown), markedly enhanced the ADP-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 at three serine residues (Ser-15, Ser-78 and Ser-82) (Fig. 8). The amplifying effects of TPO (between 10 and 100 mM) were dose-dependent. On the contrary, simultaneous treatment with TPO or post-treatment with TPO failed to enhance the ADP-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 (data not shown).

Discussion

In the present study, we demonstrate that only pre-treatment with TPO, but not the simultaneous stimulation with TPO and ADP, or post-treatment with TPO significantly enhances ADP-induced platelet aggregation, PDGF-AB secretion from granules and the release of sCD40L from human platelets. It has been reported that TPO enhances the agonist-induced platelet aggregation and the activation of various signaling pathways (1014,17,20). We found that TPO significantly amplified ADP-induced platelet activation even at a low dose of ADP (1 mM). Therefore, our findings suggest the importance of pre-treatment with TPO in the enhancement of ADP-induced human platelet activation. Based on these results, it is possible that TPO plays a preconditioning role, and acts synergistically with ADP in human platelet activation.

We have previously demonstrated that ADP stimulates the phosphorylation of HSP27 via the activation of p38 MAP kinase in human platelets and that the ADP-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 via the p38 MAP kinase pathway correlates with PDGF-AB secretion and the release of sCD40L from human platelets (8). Thus, in this study, we examined the effect of TPO administration on the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27. It has been reported that TPO amplifies the ADP-stimulated activation of p38 MAP kinase in platelets (14). We found that pre-treatment with TPO markedly enhanced the ADP-induced phosphorylation levels of HSP27 at three serine residues (Ser-15, Ser-78 and Ser-82) in addition to p38 MAP kinase in human platelets. However, the simultaneous stimulation with TPO and ADP or post-treatment with TPO failed to affect the ADP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27. It appears that the PDGF-AB secretion and release of sCD40L enhanced by TPO correlate with the enhanced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27. Based on these findings, it is possible that amplification of the ADP-induced platelet activation by pre-treatment with TPO is at least in part, due to the upregulation of HSP27 phosphorylation via the p38 MAP kinase pathway.

It is well recognized that activated platelets result in degranulation, such as PDGF-AB secretion and the release of a variety of agents, such as sCD40L. It is well known that PDGF-AB is a potent growth factor which induces the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, the release of sCD40L from platelets activates CD40 in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and induces a variety of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic responses (21). Elevated sCD40L levels have been observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome (22). sCD40L has been reported to stimulate the release of inflammatory substances from dense granules in human platelets (23). In the present study, we demonstrated that TPO enhanced the PDGF-AB secretion and the release of sCD40L from platelets activated by ADP. Thus, it is possible that TPO acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator, resulting in inflammation. It has been shown that serum TPO levels in patients with serious diseases, such as sepsis, trauma and thrombocytopenia are higher than normal (2426). It has also been shown that in patients with sepsis, serum TPO levels are closely associated with the severity of the disease (25,26). Taking these findings into account, it is possible that inflammatory agents, whose release is increased from activated platelets by TPO in patients with these disorders, may aggravate the pathological conditions. Thus, the blockade of TPO-amplifying effects on platelet function seems to be crucial in preventing the acceleration of pathological states. Further studies are required to clarify the precise mechanism of action of TPO in platelet activation.

In conclusion, the results from the present study strongly suggest that pre-treatment with TPO amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation via the p38 MAP kinase pathway in human platelets.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Yumiko Kurokawa for her skillful technical assistance. This study was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (nos. 20590565 and 20591825) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan and Research Grants for Longevity Sciences (22A-4) and Research on Proteomics from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.

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June 2013
Volume 31 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1107-3756
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Spandidos Publications style
Cuong NT, Doi T, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Akamatsu S, Kuroyanagi G, Kondo A, Mizutani J, Wada I, Otsuka T, Tokuda H, Tokuda H, et al: Thrombopoietin amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation in human platelets: Importance of pre-treatment. Int J Mol Med 31: 1291-1297, 2013
APA
Cuong, N.T., Doi, T., Matsushima-Nishiwaki, R., Akamatsu, S., Kuroyanagi, G., Kondo, A. ... Ogura, S. (2013). Thrombopoietin amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation in human platelets: Importance of pre-treatment. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31, 1291-1297. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1345
MLA
Cuong, N. T., Doi, T., Matsushima-Nishiwaki, R., Akamatsu, S., Kuroyanagi, G., Kondo, A., Mizutani, J., Wada, I., Otsuka, T., Tokuda, H., Kozawa, O., Ogura, S."Thrombopoietin amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation in human platelets: Importance of pre-treatment". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31.6 (2013): 1291-1297.
Chicago
Cuong, N. T., Doi, T., Matsushima-Nishiwaki, R., Akamatsu, S., Kuroyanagi, G., Kondo, A., Mizutani, J., Wada, I., Otsuka, T., Tokuda, H., Kozawa, O., Ogura, S."Thrombopoietin amplifies ADP-induced HSP27 phosphorylation in human platelets: Importance of pre-treatment". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31, no. 6 (2013): 1291-1297. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1345