Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
2014-February Volume 33 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-February Volume 33 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy

  • Authors:
    • Jiu-Cong Zhang
    • Fang Xie
    • Xiao-Hui Yu
    • Zhi-Yun Deng
    • Yong Wang
    • Ping Liang
    • Li Sun
    • Fang-Xin Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China, Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
  • Pages: 431-440
    |
    Published online on: December 11, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1584
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

In this study, we aimed to measure P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected patients, to investigate how P-gp levels are affected by antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 infection, and to assess the value of using P-gp expression to predict virologic response to ART. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from a cohort of HIV-1‑infected patients in China: 140 patients on ART, and 49 ART-naïve patients. We also enrolled 24 healthy blood donors as the controls. The expression levels of P-gp in CD8+ T cells of HIV-1-infected patients were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry. A high inter-individual variability was observed in the CD8+ T cells of both HIV-1-infected patients and healthy donors; however, the expression levels of P-gp were significantly higher in the HIV-1-infected group on ART compared to the ART-naïve group. The relative proportion of P-gp+CD8+ T cells inversely correlated with the blood CD4+ T cell count in the HIV-1‑infected patients on ART (r=-0.3343, P=0.0375). Groups of both good and poor responders showed significantly elevated levels of P-gp+CD8+ T cells. The percentage of P-gp+CD8+ T cells appeared to provide a sensitive estimate of the virologic response to ART compared to the CD4+ T cell count. Our results suggest that P-gp expression varies among HIV-1‑infected patients, but is significantly higher in HIV-1‑infected patients on ART. The overexpression of P-gp is involved in ART initiation during HIV-1 infection, and P-gp+CD8+ T cells may be an additional criterion for the evaluation of the antiretroviral response to ART.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

View References

1 

Aller SG, Yu J, Ward A, et al: Structure of P-glycoprotein reveals a molecular basis for poly-specific drug binding. Science. 323:1718–1722. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Namanja HA, Emmert D, Davis DA, et al: Toward eradicating HIV reservoirs in the brain: inhibiting P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier with prodrug abacavir dimers. Am Chem Soc. 134:2976–2980. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, et al: Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84:7735–7738. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Choudhuri S and Klaassen CD: Structure, function, expression, genomic organization, and single nucleotide polymorphisms of human ABCB1 (MDR1), ABCC (MRP), and ABCG2 (BCRP) efflux transporters. Int J Toxicol. 25:231–259. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Moon YJ, Zhang S and Morris ME: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for BCRP, MDR1, and MRP1 mRNA levels in lymphocytes and monocytes. Acta Haematol. 118:169–175. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Kock K, Grube M, Jedlitschky G, et al: Expression of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters in peripheral blood cells: relevance for physiology and pharmacotherapy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 46:449–470. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Varatharajan L and Thomas SA: The transport of anti-HIV drugs across blood-CNS interfaces: summary of current knowledge and recommendations for further research. Antiviral Res. 82:A99–A109. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Rehermann B and Naoumov NV: Immunological techniques in viral hepatitis. J Hepatol. 46:508–520. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Giraud C, Declèves X, Perrot JY, et al: High levels of P-glycoprotein activity in human lymphocytes in the first 6 months of life. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 85:289–295. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–440. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chaudhary PM, Mechetner EB and Roninson IB: Expression and activity of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Blood. 80:2735–2739. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Lee CG and Gottesman MM: HIV-1 protease inhibitors and the MDR1 multidrug transporter. J Clin Invest. 101:287–288. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Srinivas RV, Middlemas D, Flynn P and Fridland A: Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors serve as substrates for multidrug transporter proteins MDR1 and MRP1 but retain antiviral efficacy in cell lines expressing these transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42:3157–3162. 1998.

14 

Huisman MT, Smit JW and Schinkel AH: Significance of P-glycoprotein for the pharmacology and clinical use of HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS. 14:237–242. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Janneh O, Owen A, Chandler B, et al: Modulation of the intracellular accumulation of saquinavir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by inhibitors of MRP1, MRP2, Pgp and BCRP. AIDS. 19:2097–2102. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Perloff MD, von Moltke LL, Marchand JE and Greenblatt DJ: Ritonavir induces P-glycoprotein expression, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) expression, and drug transporter-mediated activity in a human intestinal cell line. J Pharm Sci. 90:1829–1837. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Perloff ES, Duan SX, Skolnik PR, et al: Atazanavir: effects on P-Glycoprotein transport and CYP3A metabolism in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 33:764–770. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Huang L, Wring SA, Wooley JL, et al: Induction of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A by HIV protease inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos. 29:754–760. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Mukwaya G, MacGregor T, Hoelscher D, et al: Interaction of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir with loperamide does not result in loperamideassociated neurologic side effects in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49:4903–4910. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gollapudi S and Gupta S: Human immunodeficiency virus I-induced expression of P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 171:1002–1007. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Antonelli G, Turriziani O, Cianfriglia M, et al: Resistance of HIV-1 to AZT might also involve the cellular expression of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 8:1839–1844. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Weiss J, Rose J, Storch CH, et al: Modulation of human BCRP (ABCG2) activity by anti-HIV drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 59:238–245. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Stormer E, von Moltke LL, Perloff MD and Greenblatt DJ: Differential modulation of P-glycoprotein expression and activity by non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors in cell culture. Pharm Res. 19:1038–1045. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Chandler B, Almond L, Ford J, et al: The effects of protease inhibitors and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on P-glycoprotein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 33:551–556. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

De Maat MMR, Ekhart GC, Huitema ADR, et al: Drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and comedicated agents. Clin Pharmacokinet. 42:223–282. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sankatsing SU, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH, et al: P-glycoprotein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:1073–1081. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Andreana A, Aggarwal S, Gollapudi S, et al: Abnormal expression of a 170-kilodalton P-glycoprotein encoded by MDR1 gene, a metabolically active efflux pump, in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 12:1457–1462. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lucia MB, Cauda R, Landay AL, et al: Transmembrane P-glycoprotein (P-gp/P-170) in HIV infection: analysis of lymphocyte surface expression and drug-unrelated function. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 11:893–901. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ford J, Hoggard PG, Owen A, et al: A simplified approach to determining P-glycoprotein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. J Immunol Methods. 274:129–137. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Chong AS, Markham PN, Gebel HM, et al: Diverse multidrug-resistance-modification agents inhibit cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 36:133–139. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ludescher C, Pall G, Irschick EU and Gastl G: Differential activity of P-glycoprotein in normal blood lymphocyte subsets. Br J Haematol. 101:722–727. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Hayashi K, Pu H, Tian J, et al: HIV-Tat protein induces P-glycoprotein expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurochem. 93:1231–1241. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Jorajuria S, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Naissant-Storck K, et al: Differential expression levels of MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5 in response to human immunodeficiency virus infection in human macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:1889–1891. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Turriziani O, Gianotti N, Falasca F, et al: Expression levels of MDR1, MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV infected patients failing antiretroviral therapy. J Med Virol. 80:766–771. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Klimecki WT, Futscher BW, Grogan TM and Dalton WS: P-glycoprotein expression and function in circulating blood cells from normal volunteers. Blood. 83:2451–2458. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Raviv Y, Puri A and Blumenthal R: P-glycoprotein-overexpressing multidrug-resistant cells are resistant to infection by enveloped viruses that enter via the plasma membrane. FASEB J. 14:511–515. 2000.

37 

Lee CG, Ramachandra M, Jeang KT, et al: Effect of ABC transporters on HIV-1 infection: inhibition of virus production by the MDR1 transporter. FASEB J. 14:516–522. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Speck RR, Yu XF, Hildreth J and Flexner C: Differential effects of p-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein-1 on productive human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 186:332–340. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang J, Xie F, Yu X, Deng Z, Wang Y, Liang P, Sun L and Zhang F: Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Int J Mol Med 33: 431-440, 2014.
APA
Zhang, J., Xie, F., Yu, X., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Liang, P. ... Zhang, F. (2014). Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 431-440. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1584
MLA
Zhang, J., Xie, F., Yu, X., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Liang, P., Sun, L., Zhang, F."Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.2 (2014): 431-440.
Chicago
Zhang, J., Xie, F., Yu, X., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Liang, P., Sun, L., Zhang, F."Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 2 (2014): 431-440. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1584
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang J, Xie F, Yu X, Deng Z, Wang Y, Liang P, Sun L and Zhang F: Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Int J Mol Med 33: 431-440, 2014.
APA
Zhang, J., Xie, F., Yu, X., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Liang, P. ... Zhang, F. (2014). Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 431-440. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1584
MLA
Zhang, J., Xie, F., Yu, X., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Liang, P., Sun, L., Zhang, F."Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.2 (2014): 431-440.
Chicago
Zhang, J., Xie, F., Yu, X., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Liang, P., Sun, L., Zhang, F."Expression levels of P-glycoprotein in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 2 (2014): 431-440. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1584
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team