Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 38 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 38 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yu-Dong Xiao
    • Ramchandra Paudel
    • Jun Liu
    • Cong Ma
    • Zi-Shu Zhang
    • Shun-Ke Zhou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1319-1326
    |
    Published online on: September 21, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2744
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are categorised according to the following specific features: chemical composition including the presence or absence of metal atoms, route of administration, magnetic properties, effect on the magnetic resonance image, biodistribution and imaging applications. The majority of these agents are either paramagnetic ion complexes or superparamagnetic magnetite particles and contain lanthanide elements such as gadolinium (Gd3+) or transition metal manganese (Mn2+). These elements shorten the T1 or T2 relaxation time, thereby causing increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images or reduced signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Most paramagnetic contrast agents are positive agents. These agents shorten the T1, so the enhanced parts appear bright on T1-weighted images. Dysprosium, superparamagnetic agents and ferromagnetic agents are negative contrast agents. The enhanced parts appear darker on T2-weighted images. MRI contrast agents incorporating chelating agents reduces storage in the human body, enhances excretion and reduces toxicity. MRI contrast agents may be administered orally or intravenously. According to biodistribution and applications, MRI contrast agents may be categorised into three types: extracellular fluid, blood pool and target/organ-specific agents. A number of contrast agents have been developed to selectively distinguish liver pathologies. Some agents are also capable of targeting other organs, inflammation as well as specific tumors.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Young IR, Clarke GJ, Bailes DR, Pennock JM, Doyle FH and Bydder GM: Enhancement of relaxation rate with paramagnetic contrast agents in NMR imaging. J Comput Tomogr. 5:543–547. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Carr DH, Brown J, Bydder GM, Weinmann HJ, Speck U, Thomas DJ and Young IR: Intravenous chelated gadolinium as a contrast agent in NMR imaging of cerebral tumours. Lancet. 1:484–486. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Tang JB, Sheng YQ, Hu HJ and Shen YQ: Macromolecular MRI contrast agents: structures, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci. 38:462–502. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Geraldes CFGC and Laurent S: Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 4:1–23. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mitchell DG: Liver I: Currently available gadolinium chelates. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 4:37–51. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Wood ML and Hardy PA: Proton relaxation enhancement. J Magn Reson Imaging. 3:149–156. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Gandhi SN, Brown MA, Wong JG, Aguirre DA and Sirlin CB: MR contrast agents for liver imaging: what, when, how. Radiographics. 26:1621–1636. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Shokrollahi H: Contrast agents for MRI. Mater Sci Eng C. 33:4485–4497. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Yurt A and Kazanci N: Investigation of magnetic properties of various complexes prepared as contrast agents for MRI. J Mol Struct. 892:392–397. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Harisinghani MG, Jhaveri KS, Weissleder R, Schima W, Saini S, Hahn PF and Mueller PR: MRI contrast agents for evaluating focal hepatic lesions. Clin Radiol. 56:714–725. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhen ZP and Xie J: Development of manganese-based nanoparticles as contrast probes for magnetic resonance imaging. Theranostics. 2:45–54. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Silva AC, Lee JH, Aoki L and Koretsky AR: Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI): methodological and practical considerations. NMR Biomed. 17:532–543. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Lin YJ and Koretsky AP: Manganese ion enhances T-1-weighted MRI during brain activation: An approach to direct imaging of brain function. Magn Reson Med. 38:378–388. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Paratala BS, Jacobson BD, Kanakia S, Francis LD and Sitharaman B: Physicochemical characterization, and relaxometry studies of micro-graphite oxide, graphene nanoplatelets, and nanoribbons. PloS One. 7:e381852012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Nakamura H, Ito N, Kotake F, Mizokami Y and Matsuoka T: Tumor-detecting capacity and clinical usefulness of SPIO-MRI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol. 35:849–855. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Na HB, Song IC and Hyeon T: Inorganic nanoparticles for MRI contrast agents. Adv Mater. 21:2133–2148. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Taylor RM, Huber DL, Monson TC, Ali AMS, Bisoffi M and Sillerud LO: Multifunctional iron platinum stealth immunomicelles: targeted detection of human prostate cancer cells using both fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. J Nanopart Res. 13:4717–4729. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Thunus L and Lejeune R: Overview of transition metal and lanthanide complexes as diagnostic tools. Coordin Chem Rev. 184:125–155. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Sijens PE, van den Bent MJ, Nowak PJ, van Dijk P and Oudkerk M: 1H chemical shift imaging reveals loss of brain tumor choline signal after administration of Gd-contrast. Magn Reson Med. 37:222–225. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Chang CA: Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Design and physicochemical properties of gadodiamide. Invest Radiol. 28(Suppl 1): S21–S27. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Runge VM, Clanton JA, Herzer WA, Gibbs SJ, Price AC, Partain CL and James AE Jr: Intravascular contrast agents suitable for magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology. 153:171–176. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Runge VM, Schoerner W, Niendorf HP, Laniado M, Koehler D, Claussen C, Felix R and James AE Jr: Initial clinical evaluation of gadolinium DTPA for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 3:27–35. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kaplan GD, Aisen AM and Aravapalli SR: Preliminary clinical trial of gadodiamide injection: a new nonionic gadolinium contrast agent for MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1:57–62. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Runge VM, Dean B, Lee C, Carolan F and Heard G: Phase III clinical evaluation of Gd-HP-DO3A in head and spine disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1:47–56. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Cordova-Fraga T, Sosa M, Hernandez-Gonzalez MA, Reyes-Aguilera JA, Solorio S, Ramirez C, Bautista-Flores E, Reynaga G, Avila-Rodriguez M and De la Roca-Chiapas JM: Medlar (Achras sapota L.) as oral contrast agent for MRI of the gastrointestinal tract. Appl Magn Reson. 42:161–167. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Mayo-Smith WW: Computed body tomography with MRI correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 173:2661999.

27 

Jacobs KE, Behera D, Rosenberg J, Gold G, Moseley M, Yeomans D and Biswal S: Oral manganese as an MRI contrast agent for the detection of nociceptive activity. NMR Biomed. 25:563–569. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Li KC, Tart RP, Fitzsimmons JR, Storm BL, Mao J and Rolfes RJ: Barium sulfate suspension as a negative oral MRI contrast agent: in vitro and human optimization studies. Magn Reson Imaging. 9:141–150. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Verloh N, Utpatel K, Haimerl M, Zeman F, Fellner C, Fichtner-Feigl S, Teufel A, Stroszczynski C, Evert M and Wiggermann P: Liver fibrosis and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI: A histopathologic correlation. Sci Rep. 5:154082015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Weissleder R, Bogdanov A and Papisov M: Drug targeting in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q. 8:55–63. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ahmad MW, Xu W, Kim SJ, Baeck JS, Chang Y, Bae JE, Chae KS, Park JA, Kim TJ and Lee GH: Potential dual imaging nanoparticle: Gd2O3 nanoparticle. Sci Rep. 5:85492015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Edelman RR, Siegel JB, Singer A, Dupuis K and Longmaid HE: Dynamic MR imaging of the liver with Gd-DTPA: initial clinical results. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 153:1213–1219. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Balci NC and Semelka RC: Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver. Radiol Clin North Am. 43:887–898. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Nolte-Ernsting C, Adam G, Bücker A, Berges S, Bjørnerud A and Günther RW: Abdominal MR angiography performed using blood pool contrast agents: comparison of a new superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle and a linear gadolinium polymer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171:107–113. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lauffer RB, Parmelee DJ, Dunham SU, Ouellet HS, Dolan RP, Witte S, McMurry TJ and Walovitch RC: MS-325: albumin-targeted contrast agent for MR angiography. Radiology. 207:529–538. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Cavagna FM, Lorusso V, Anelli PL, Maggioni F and de Haën C: Preclinical profile and clinical potential of gadocoletic acid trisodium salt (B22956/1), a new intravascular contrast medium for MRI. Acad Radiol. 9(Suppl 2): S491–S494. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Curtet C, Maton F, Havet T, Slinkin M, Mishra A, Chatal JF and Muller RN: Polylysine-Gd-DTPAn and polylysine-Gd-DOTAn coupled to anti-CEA F(ab′)2 fragments as potential immunocontrast agents. Relaxometry, biodistribution, and magnetic resonance imaging in nude mice grafted with human colorectal carcinoma. Invest Radiol. 33:752–761. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Løkling KE, Fossheim SL, Skurtveit R, Bjørnerud A and Klaveness J: pH-sensitive paramagnetic liposomes as MRI contrast agents: in vitro feasibility studies. Magn Reson Imaging. 19:731–738. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Jung CW and Jacobs P: Physical and chemical properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agents: ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil. Magn Reson Imaging. 13:661–674. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Taupitz M, Schnorr J, Abramjuk C, Wagner S, Pilgrimm H, Hünigen H and Hamm B: New generation of monomer-stabilized very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOP) as contrast medium for MR angiography: preclinical results in rats and rabbits. J Magn Reson Imaging. 12:905–911. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Jung KH, Kim HK, Park JA, Nam KS, Lee GH, Chang Y and Kim TJ: Gd Complexes of DO3A-(Biphenyl-2,2′-bisamides) Conjugates as MRI Blood-Pool Contrast Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett. 3:1003–1007. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Bourrinet P, Bengele HH, Bonnemain B, Dencausse A, Idee JM, Jacobs PM and Lewis JM: Preclinical safety and pharmacokinetic profile of ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetic resonance contrast agent. Invest Radiol. 41:313–324. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Weinmann HJ, Ebert W, Misselwitz B and Schmitt-Willich H: Tissue-specific MR contrast agents. Eur J Radiol. 46:33–44. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Corot C and Warlin D: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI: contrast media pharmaceutical company R&D perspective. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 5:411–422. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Runge VM: A comparison of two MR hepatobiliary gadolinium chelates: Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 22:643–650. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Torres CG, Lundby B, Sterud AT, McGill S, Gordon PB and Bjerknes HS: MnDPDP for MR imaging of the liver - Results from the European phase III studies. Acta Radiol. 38:631–637. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao Y, Paudel R, Liu J, Ma C, Zhang Z and Zhou S: MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review). Int J Mol Med 38: 1319-1326, 2016.
APA
Xiao, Y., Paudel, R., Liu, J., Ma, C., Zhang, Z., & Zhou, S. (2016). MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 38, 1319-1326. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2744
MLA
Xiao, Y., Paudel, R., Liu, J., Ma, C., Zhang, Z., Zhou, S."MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38.5 (2016): 1319-1326.
Chicago
Xiao, Y., Paudel, R., Liu, J., Ma, C., Zhang, Z., Zhou, S."MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38, no. 5 (2016): 1319-1326. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2744
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao Y, Paudel R, Liu J, Ma C, Zhang Z and Zhou S: MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review). Int J Mol Med 38: 1319-1326, 2016.
APA
Xiao, Y., Paudel, R., Liu, J., Ma, C., Zhang, Z., & Zhou, S. (2016). MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 38, 1319-1326. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2744
MLA
Xiao, Y., Paudel, R., Liu, J., Ma, C., Zhang, Z., Zhou, S."MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38.5 (2016): 1319-1326.
Chicago
Xiao, Y., Paudel, R., Liu, J., Ma, C., Zhang, Z., Zhou, S."MRI contrast agents: Classification and application (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38, no. 5 (2016): 1319-1326. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2744
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team