Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 38 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 38 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells

  • Authors:
    • Theodoros Eleftheriadis
    • Georgios Pissas
    • Maria Sounidaki
    • Konstantina Tsogka
    • Nikolaos Antoniadis
    • Georgia Antoniadi
    • Vassilios Liakopoulos
    • Ioannis Stefanidis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece, Organ Transplant Unit, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  • Pages: 1605-1613
    |
    Published online on: September 23, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2750
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is expressed in antigen-presenting cells and by degrading L-tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway suppresses CD4+ T-cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and promotes differentiation towards a regulatory as opposed to an effector phenotype. Recent findings revealed that the above effects may be mediated through alterations in T-cell metabolism. In this study, the effect of IDO on fatty acid β-oxidation in CD4+ T-cells was evaluated in human mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) using the IDO inhibitor, 1-DL-methyl-tryptophan. Protein analysis of CD4+ T-cells isolated from the MLR showed that L-tryptophan degradation acts by activating the general control non‑derepressible 2 kinase and aryl-hydrocarbon receptor in T-cells. In the absence of IDO inhibition, fatty acid oxidation increased along with increased activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), the latter due to the increased expression of CPT1 isoenzymes and alterations in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2, the enzyme that controls CPT1 activity. Increased fatty acid oxidation due to the action of IDO was accompanied by an increased expression of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) and a decreased expression of related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), the signature transcription factors of regulatory T-cells and T helper 17 cells, respectively. However, in MLR and in the presence of fatty acid in the culture medium, IDO did not inhibit proliferation. Additionally, fatty acid protected the CD4+ T-cells against apoptosis. Thus, IDO, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances CPT1 activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Seo SK, Choi JH, Kim YH, Kang WJ, Park HY, Suh JH, Choi BK, Vinay DS and Kwon BS: 4-1BB-mediated immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 10:1088–1094. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Gurtner GJ, Newberry RD, Schloemann SR, McDonald KG and Stenson WF: Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase augments trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 125:1762–1773. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Kwidzinski E, Bunse J, Aktas O, Richter D, Mutlu L, Zipp F, Nitsch R and Bechmann I: Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase is expressed in the CNS and down-regulates autoimmune inflammation. FASEB J. 19:1347–1349. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Alexander AM, Crawford M, Bertera S, Rudert WA, Takikawa O, Robbins PD and Trucco M: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in transplanted NOD Islets prolongs graft survival after adoptive transfer of diabetogenic splenocytes. Diabetes. 51:356–365. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Beutelspacher SC, Pillai R, Watson MP, Tan PH, Tsang J, McClure MO, George AJ and Larkin DF: Function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in corneal allograft rejection and prolongation of allograft survival by over-expression. Eur J Immunol. 36:690–700. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Li Y, Tredget EE, Ghaffari A, Lin X, Kilani RT and Ghahary A: Local expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase protects engraftment of xenogeneic skin substitute. J Invest Dermatol. 126:128–136. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Munn DH, Zhou M, Attwood JT, Bondarev I, Conway SJ, Marshall B, Brown C and Mellor AL: Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science. 281:1191–1193. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Mellor AL, Sivakumar J, Chandler P, Smith K, Molina H, Mao D and Munn DH: Prevention of T cell-driven complement activation and inflammation by tryptophan catabolism during pregnancy. Nat Immunol. 2:64–68. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Munn DH and Mellor AL: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tumor-induced tolerance. J Clin Invest. 117:1147–1154. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Eleftheriadis T, Yiannaki E, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V, Pissas G, Galaktidou G and Stefanidis I: Plasma indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and arginase type I may contribute to decreased blood T-cell count in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 34:1118–1122. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V, Antoniadi G, Stefanidis I and Galaktidou G: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in hemodialysis patients and affects immune response to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine. 29:2242–2247. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Munn DH, Sharma MD, Baban B, Harding HP, Zhang Y, Ron D and Mellor AL: GCN2 kinase in T cells mediates proliferative arrest and anergy induction in response to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Immunity. 22:633–642. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase depletes tryptophan, activates general control non-derepressible 2 kinase and down-regulates key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis in primary human CD4+ T cells. Immunology. 146:292–300. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Spanoulis A, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase increases p53 levels in alloreactive human T cells, and both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and p53 suppress glucose uptake, glycolysis and proliferation. Int Immunol. 26:673–684. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Yiannaki E, Markala D, Arampatzis S, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mixed lymphocyte reaction affects glucose influx and enzymes involved in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis in alloreactive T-cells. Hum Immunol. 74:1501–1509. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Tsogka K, Sounidaki M, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase downregulates T cell receptor complex ζ chain and c Myc, and reduces proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase levels and mitochondrial glutaminase in human T cells. Mol Med Rep. 13:925–932. 2016.

17 

Cobbold SP, Adams E, Farquhar CA, Nolan KF, Howie D, Lui KO, Fairchild PJ, Mellor AL, Ron D and Waldmann H: Infectious tolerance via the consumption of essential amino acids and mTOR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:12055–12060. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Mezrich JD, Fechner JH, Zhang X, Johnson BP, Burlingham WJ and Bradfield CA: An interaction between kynurenine and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor can generate regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 185:3190–3198. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Opitz CA, Litzenburger UM, Sahm F, Ott M, Tritschler I, Trump S, Schumacher T, Jestaedt L, Schrenk D, Weller M, et al: An endogenous tumour-promoting ligand of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nature. 478:197–203. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

King NJ and Thomas SR: Molecules in focus: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 39:2167–2172. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Curti A, Trabanelli S, Salvestrini V, Baccarani M and Lemoli RM: The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the induction of immune tolerance: Focus on hematology. Blood. 113:2394–2401. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Maciver NJ, Jacobs SR, Wieman HL, Wofford JA, Coloff JL and Rathmell JC: Glucose metabolism in lymphocytes is a regulated process with significant effects on immune cell function and survival. J Leukoc Biol. 84:949–957. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fox CJ, Hammerman PS and Thompson CB: Fuel feeds function: Energy metabolism and the T-cell response. Nat Rev Immunol. 5:844–852. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Wang R, Dillon CP, Shi LZ, Milasta S, Carter R, Finkelstein D, McCormick LL, Fitzgerald P, Chi H, Munger J, et al: The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation. Immunity. 35:871–882. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Berod L, Friedrich C, Nandan A, Freitag J, Hagemann S, Harmrolfs K, Sandouk A, Hesse C, Castro CN, Bähre H, et al: De novo fatty acid synthesis controls the fate between regulatory T and T helper 17 cells. Nat Med. 20:1327–1333. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Michalek RD, Gerriets VA, Jacobs SR, Macintyre AN, MacIver NJ, Mason EF, Sullivan SA, Nichols AG and Rathmell JC: Cutting edge: Distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets. J Immunol. 186:3299–3303. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Sato T, Deiwick A, Raddatz G, Koyama K and Schlitt HJ: Interactions of allogeneic human mononuclear cells in the two-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC): Influence of cell numbers, subpopulations and cyclosporin. Clin Exp Immunol. 115:301–308. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lopaschuk GD, Ussher JR, Folmes CD, Jaswal JS and Stanley WC: Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 90:207–258. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Schreurs M, Kuipers F and van der Leij FR: Regulatory enzymes of mitochondrial beta-oxidation as targets for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 11:380–388. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Bieber LL and Fiol C: Purification and assay of carnitine acyltransferases. Methods Enzymol. 123:276–284. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Gallinetti J, Harputlugil E and Mitchell JR: Amino acid sensing in dietary-restriction-mediated longevity: Roles of signal-transducing kinases GCN2 and TOR. Biochem J. 449:1–10. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

32 

Mihaylova MM and Shaw RJ: The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol. 13:1016–1023. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Fadeel B and Orrenius S: Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in human disease. J Intern Med. 258:479–517. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN and Forsthuber TG: T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine. 74:5–17. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar :

35 

Fallarino F, Grohmann U, You S, McGrath BC, Cavener DR, Vacca C, Orabona C, Bianchi R, Belladonna ML, Volpi C, et al: The combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan catabolites down-regulate T cell receptor zeta-chain and induce a regulatory phenotype in naive T cells. J Immunol. 176:6752–6761. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Sharma MD, Baban B, Chandler P, Hou DY, Singh N, Yagita H, Azuma M, Blazar BR, Mellor AL and Munn DH: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Clin Invest. 117:2570–2582. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Sharma MD, Hou DY, Liu Y, Koni PA, Metz R, Chandler P, Mellor AL, He Y and Munn DH: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls conversion of Foxp3+ Tregs to TH17-like cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Blood. 113:6102–6111. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lochner M, Berod L and Sparwasser T: Fatty acid metabolism in the regulation of T cell function. Trends Immunol. 36:81–91. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Sounidaki M, Tsogka K, Antoniadis N, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells. Int J Mol Med 38: 1605-1613, 2016.
APA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Sounidaki, M., Tsogka, K., Antoniadis, N., Antoniadi, G. ... Stefanidis, I. (2016). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 38, 1605-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2750
MLA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Sounidaki, M., Tsogka, K., Antoniadis, N., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38.5 (2016): 1605-1613.
Chicago
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Sounidaki, M., Tsogka, K., Antoniadis, N., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38, no. 5 (2016): 1605-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2750
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Sounidaki M, Tsogka K, Antoniadis N, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells. Int J Mol Med 38: 1605-1613, 2016.
APA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Sounidaki, M., Tsogka, K., Antoniadis, N., Antoniadi, G. ... Stefanidis, I. (2016). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 38, 1605-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2750
MLA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Sounidaki, M., Tsogka, K., Antoniadis, N., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38.5 (2016): 1605-1613.
Chicago
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Sounidaki, M., Tsogka, K., Antoniadis, N., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, by degrading L-tryptophan, enhances carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and fatty acid oxidation, and exerts fatty acid-dependent effects in human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38, no. 5 (2016): 1605-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2750
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team