Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
March-2017 Volume 39 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2017 Volume 39 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mengyao Sun
    • Ying Ye
    • Ling Xiao
    • Xinya Duan
    • Yongming Zhang
    • Hong Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pudong New District Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
  • Pages: 507-518
    |
    Published online on: January 13, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2857
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cancer is a life-threatening disease with an alarmingly increased annual mortality rate globally. Although various therapies are employed for cancer, the final effect is not satisfactory. Chemotherapy is currently the most commonly used treatment option. However, the unsatisfactory efficacy, severe side-effects and drug resistance hinder the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. There is increasing evidence indicating that ginsenoside Rg3, a naturally occurring phytochemical, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The suggested mechanisms mainly include the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as the promotion of immunity. In addition, ginsenoside Rg3 can be used as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapies, improving the efficacy and/or reducing adverse effects via synergistic activities. Ginsenoside Rg3 may be a widely applied natural medicine against cancer. To date however, there is no systematic summary available of the anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3. Therefore, in this review, all available literature over the past 10 years was reviewed and discussed in order to facilitate further research of ginsenoside Rg3.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Stewart B and Wild C: World Cancer Report 2014. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization; Lyon, France: 2014

3 

Cabrera R and Nelson DR: Review article: the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 31:461–476. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Fletcher A, Choudhury A and Alam N: Metastatic bladder cancer: a review of current management. ISRN Urol. 2011:5452412011.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Baldo BA and Pham NH: Adverse reactions to targeted and non-targeted chemotherapeutic drugs with emphasis on hypersensitivity responses and the invasive metastatic switch. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 32:723–761. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Zhang QH, Wu CF, Duan L and Yang JY: Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg(3) against cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage and cell apoptosis in mice. Arch Toxicol. 82:117–123. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Lü JM, Yao Q and Chen C: Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 7:293–302. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Liu L, Zhu XM, Wang QJ, Zhang DL, Fang ZM, Wang CY, Wang Z, Sun BS, Wu H and Sung CK: Enzymatic preparation of 20(S, R)-protopanaxadiol by transformation of 20(S, R)-Rg3 from black ginseng. Phytochemistry. 71:1514–1520. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Gum SI and Cho MK: The amelioration of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine toxicity by ginsenoside Rg3: the role of Nrf2-mediated detoxification and Mrp1/Mrp3 transports. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013:9579472013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

He B, Chen P, Yang J, Yun Y, Zhang X, Yang R and Shen Z: Neuroprotective effect of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett. 526:106–111. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kwok HH, Guo GL, Lau JK, Cheng YK, Wang JR, Jiang ZH, Keung MH, Mak NK, Yue PY and Wong RN: Stereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg3 and -20(R)-Rg3 differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Biochem Pharmacol. 83:893–902. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Wei X, Chen J, Su F, Su X, Hu T and Hu S: Stereospecificity of ginsenoside Rg3 in promotion of the immune response to ovalbumin in mice. Int Immunol. 24:465–471. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Xu Y, Zhang P, Wang C, Shan Y, Wang D, Qian F, Sun M and Zhu C: Effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on tyrosine hydroxylase and related mechanisms in the forced swimming-induced fatigue rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 150:138–147. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wei X, Su F, Su X, Hu T and Hu S: Stereospecific antioxidant effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Fitoterapia. 83:636–642. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Joo EJ, Chun J, Ha YW, Ko HJ, Xu MY and Kim YS: Novel roles of ginsenoside Rg3 in apoptosis through downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Chem Biol Interact. 233:25–34. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Park HM, Kim SJ, Kim JS and Kang HS: Reactive oxygen species mediated ginsenoside Rg3- and Rh2-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells through mitochondrial signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:2736–2741. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Kim BM, Kim DH, Park JH, Na HK and Surh YJ: Ginsenoside Rg3 induces apoptosis of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. J Cancer Prev. 18:177–185. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Liu TG, Huang Y, Cui DD, Huang XB, Mao SH, Ji LL, Song HB and Yi C: Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with gemcitabine on angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer in mice. BMC Cancer. 9:2502009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK and Park JH: Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J Nat Prod. 63:1702–1704. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Kim IW, Sun WS, Yun BS, Kim NR, Min D and Kim SK: Characterizing a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 to be proposed as standard reference materials. J Ginseng Res. 37:124–134. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Nag SA, Qin JJ, Wang W, Wang MH, Wang H and Zhang R: Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo activities, structure-activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front Pharmacol. 3:252012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wani MC, Taylor HL, Wall ME, Coggon P and McPhail AT: Plant antitumor agents VI The isolation and structure of taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia. J Am Chem Soc. 93:2325–2327. 1971. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI and Yun HY: Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J Korean Med Sci. 16(Suppl): S6–S18. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Yu Y, Zhang C, Liu L and Li X: Hepatic arterial administration of ginsenoside Rg3 and transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of VX2 liver carcinomas. Exp Ther Med. 5:761–766. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Amelio I, Melino G and Knight RA: Cell death pathology: cross-talk with autophagy and its clinical implications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 414:277–281. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Karmakar S, Banik NL, Patel SJ and Ray SK: Curcumin activated both receptor-mediated and mitochondria-mediated proteolytic pathways for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells. Neurosci Lett. 407:53–58. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wang JH, Nao JF, Zhang M and He P: 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 promotes apoptosis in human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells through PI3K/Akt and XIAP pathways. Tumour Biol. 35:11985–11994. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Jiang JW, Chen XM, Chen XH and Zheng SS: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth via intrinsic apoptotic pathway. World J Gastroenterol. 17:3605–3613. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Choi YJ, Lee HJ, Kang DW, Han IH, Choi BK and Cho WH: Ginsenoside Rg3 induces apoptosis in the U87MG human glioblastoma cell line through the MEK signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species. Oncol Rep. 30:1362–1370. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Chen J, Peng H, Ou-Yang X and He X: Research on the antitumor effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in B16 melanoma cells. Melanoma Res. 18:322–329. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Park EH, Kim YJ, Yamabe N, Park SH, Kim HK, Jang HJ, Kim JH, Cheon GJ, Ham J and Kang KS: Stereospecific anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 epimers isolated from heat-processed American ginseng on human gastric cancer cell. J Ginseng Res. 38:22–27. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhang C, Liu L, Yu Y, Chen B, Tang C and Li X: Antitumor effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep. 5:1295–1298. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Zhang F, Li M, Wu X, Hu Y, Cao Y, Wang X, Xiang S, Li H, Jiang L, Tan Z, et al: 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 promotes senescence and apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells via the p53 pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 9:3969–3987. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kim BM, Kim DH, Park JH, Surh YJ and Na HK: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling in human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells: ERK and Akt as potential upstream targets. J Cancer Prev. 19:23–30. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Yuan HD, Quan HY, Zhang Y, Kim SH and Chung SH: 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3-induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells is associated with AMPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 3:825–831. 2010.

37 

Aziz F, Wang X, Liu J and Yan Q: Ginsenoside Rg3 induces FUT4-mediated apoptosis in H. pylori CagA-treated gastric cancer cells by regulating SP1 and HSF1 expressions. Toxicol In Vitro. 31:158–166. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Wu K, Li N, Sun H, Xu T, Jin F and Nie J: Endoplasmic reticulum stress activation mediates Ginseng Rg3-induced anti-gallbladder cancer cell activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 466:369–375. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kim BJ, Nah SY, Jeon JH, So I and Kim SJ: Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 channels are involved in ginsenoside Rg3-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 109:233–239. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Kim HS, Lee EH, Ko SR, Choi KJ, Park JH and Im DS: Effects of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res. 27:429–435. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Shan X, Aziz F, Tian LL, Wang XQ, Yan Q and Liu JW: Ginsenoside Rg3-induced EGFR/MAPK pathway deactivation inhibits melanoma cell proliferation by decreasing FUT4/LeY expression. Int J Oncol. 46:1667–1676. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Lee SY, Kim GT, Roh SH, Song JS, Kim HJ, Hong SS, Kwon SW and Park JH: Proteomic analysis of the anti-cancer effect of 20S-ginsenoside Rg3 in human colon cancer cell lines. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 73:811–816. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

He BC, Gao JL, Luo X, Luo J, Shen J, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wang YT, Luu HH, Haydon RC, et al: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int J Oncol. 38:437–445. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Luo X, Wang CZ, Chen J, Song WX, Luo J, Tang N, He BC, Kang Q, Wang Y, Du W, et al: Characterization of gene expression regulated by American ginseng and ginsenoside Rg3 in human colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 32:975–983. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Sin S, Kim SY and Kim SS: Chronic treatment with ginsenoside Rg3 induces Akt-dependent senescence in human glioma cells. Int J Oncol. 41:1669–1674. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Wang CZ, Aung HH, Zhang B, Sun S, Li XL, He H, Xie JT, He TC, Du W and Yuan CS: Chemopreventive effects of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius root on human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 28:2545–2551. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

47 

Shan X, Fu YS, Aziz F, Wang XQ, Yan Q and Liu JW: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits melanoma cell proliferation through down-regulation of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and increase of p53 acetylation. PLoS One. 9:e1154012014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Chen XP, Qian LL, Jiang H and Chen JH: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits CXCR4 expression and related migrations in a breast cancer cell line. Int J Clin Oncol. 16:519–523. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Deryugina EI and Quigley JP: Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 25:9–34. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Xu TM, Cui MH, Xin Y, Gu LP, Jiang X, Su MM, Wang DD and Wang WJ: Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on ovarian cancer metastasis. Chin Med J (Engl). 121:1394–1397. 2008.

51 

Lee SG, Kang YJ and Nam JO: Anti-metastasis effects of ginsenoside Rg3 in B16F10 Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 25:1997–2006. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Junmin S, Hongxiang L, Zhen L, Chao Y and Chaojie W: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits colon cancer cell migration by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B activity. J Tradit Chin Med. 35:440–444. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Kim YJ, Choi WI, Jeon BN, Choi KC, Kim K, Kim TJ, Ham J, Jang HJ, Kang KS and Ko H: Stereospecific effects of ginsenoside 20-Rg3 inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses lung cancer migration, invasion and anoikis resistance. Toxicology. 322:23–33. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Liu T, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Liu D, Hou H, Ding L and Li X: Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 targets HIF-1α to block hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One. 9:e1038872014. View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Pan XY, Guo H, Han J, Hao F, An Y, Xu Y, Xiaokaiti Y, Pan Y and Li XJ: Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates cell migration via inhibition of aquaporin 1 expression in PC-3M prostate cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 683:27–34. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Chen QJ, Zhang MZ and Wang LX: Gensenoside Rg3 inhibits hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in human cancer cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 26:849–858. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Yue PY, Wong DY, Wu PK, Leung PY, Mak NK, Yeung HW, Liu L, Cai Z, Jiang ZH, Fan TP and Wong RN: The angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)- ginsenoside Rg3. Biochem Pharmacol. 72:437–445. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Kim JW, Jung SY, Kwon YH, Lee SH, Lee JH, Lee BY and Kwon SM: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits endothelial progenitor cell differentiation through attenuation of VEGF-dependent Akt/eNOS signaling. Phytother Res. 26:1286–1293. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Kim JW, Jung SY, Kwon YH, Lee JH, Lee YM, Lee BY and Kwon SM: Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates tumor angiogenesis via inhibiting bioactivities of endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 13:504–515. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Guo JQ, Zheng QH, Chen H, Chen L, Xu JB, Chen MY, Lu D, Wang ZH, Tong HF and Lin S: Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry in pancreatic cancer through downregu-lation of VE cadherin/EphA2/MMP9/MMP2 expression. Int J Oncol. 45:1065–1072. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

61 

Lee YJ, Lee S, Ho JN, Byun SS, Hong SK, Lee SE and Lee E: Synergistic antitumor effect of ginsenoside Rg3 and cisplatin in cisplatin resistant bladder tumor cell line. Oncol Rep. 32:1803–1808. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

62 

Che JB, Liu ZH, Ma HB, Li Y, Zhao H, Li XH, Liu WC and Shi GN: Influence of As O inhibition of lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells and on subsistence 2 3 combined with ginsenosides Rg3 on of nude mice bearing hepatoma. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 7:772–775. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Wang X, Chen L, Wang T, Jiang X, Zhang H, Li P, Lv B and Gao X: Ginsenoside Rg3 antagonizes adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity by improving endothelial dysfunction from oxidative stress via upregulating the Nrf2-ARE pathway through the activation of akt. Phytomedicine. 22:875–884. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Xu TM, Xin Y, Cui MH, Jiang X and Gu LP: Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with cyclophosphamide on growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 120:584–588. 2007.

65 

Zhang Q, Kang X and Zhao W: Antiangiogenic effect of low-dose cyclophosphamide combined with ginsenoside Rg3 on Lewis lung carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 342:824–828. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Chang L, Huo B, Lv Y, Wang Y and Liu W: Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the inhibitory effects of chemotherapy on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Mol Clin Oncol. 2:1043–1046. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

67 

Yang LQ, Wang B, Gan H, Fu ST, Zhu XX, Wu ZN, Zhan DW, Gu RL, Dou GF and Meng ZY: Enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-tumour effect of paclitaxel by 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 in vivo. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 33:425–436. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Kwon HY, Kim EH, Kim SW, Kim SN, Park JD and Rhee DK: Selective toxicity of ginsenoside Rg3 on multidrug resistant cells by membrane fluidity modulation. Arch Pharm Res. 31:171–177. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Park JD, Rhee DK and Lee YH: Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Phytochem Rev. 4:159–175. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Kim SM, Lee SY, Cho JS, Son SM, Choi SS, Yun YP, Yoo HS, Yoon DY, Oh KW, Han SB and Hong JT: Combination of ginsenoside Rg3 with docetaxel enhances the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells via inhibition of NF-kappaB. Eur J Pharmacol. 631:1–9. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Kim SM, Lee SY, Yuk DY, Moon DC, Choi SS, Kim Y, Han SB, Oh KW and Hong JT: Inhibition of NF-kappaB by ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the susceptibility of colon cancer cells to docetaxel. Arch Pharm Res. 32:755–765. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Lee CK, Park KK, Chung AS and Chung WY: Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the chemosensitivity of tumors to cisplatin by reducing the basal level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated heme oxygenase-1/NAD(P)H quinone oxidore-ductase-1 and prevents normal tissue damage by scavenging cisplatin-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:2565–2574. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Lee JY, Jung KH, Morgan MJ, Kang YR, Lee HS, Koo GB, Hong SS, Kwon SW and Kim YS: Sensitization of TRAIL-induced cell death by 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 via CHOP-mediated DR5 upregulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 12:274–285. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Kim DG, Jung KH, Lee DG, Yoon JH, Choi KS, Kwon SW, Shen HM, Morgan MJ, Hong SS and Kim YS: 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a novel inhibitor of autophagy and sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to doxorubicin. Oncotarget. 5:4438–4451. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Park D, Bae DK, Jeon JH, Lee J, Oh N, Yang G, Yang YH, Kim TK, Song J, Lee SH, et al: Immunopotentiation and antitumor effects of a ginsenoside Rg3-fortified red ginseng preparation in mice bearing H460 lung cancer cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 31:397–405. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Wu R, Ru Q, Chen L, Ma B and Li C: Stereospecificity of ginsenoside Rg3 in the promotion of cellular immunity in hepatoma H22-bearing mice. J Food Sci. 79:H1430–H1435. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Choi YJ, Kang LJ and Lee SG: Stimulation of DDX3 expression by ginsenoside Rg3 through the Akt/p53 pathway activates the innate immune response via TBK1/IKKε/IRF3 signalling. Curr Med Chem. 21:1050–1060. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Cheng Y and Hua HQ: Clinical research progress in anti-tumor effects of ginesenoside Rg3. Medical recapitulate. 21:2938–2940. 2015.

79 

Lu P, Su W, Miao ZH, Niu HR, Liu J and Hua QL: Effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 on postoperative life span of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Chin J Integr Med. 14:33–36. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Huang JY, Sun Y, Fan QX and Zhang YQ: Efficacy of Shenyi capsule combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 7:1047–1051. 2009.In Chinese. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Wang XS, Wu Q and Liang L: Combined Shen yi-Jiao nang and chemotherapy in treatment of breast cancer: a systematic review. Pract J Clin Med. 9:192–195. 2012.

82 

Coon JT and Ernst E: Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Drug Saf. 25:323–344. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Liu JP, Lu D, Nicholson RC, Li PY and Wang F: Toxicity of a novel anti-tumor agent 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3: a 26-week intramuscular repeated administration study in Beagle dogs. Food Chem Toxicol. 49:1718–1727. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Liu JP, Lu D, Nicholson RC, Zhao WJ, Li PY and Wang F: Toxicity of a novel anti-tumor agent 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3: a 26-week intramuscular repeated administration study in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:3388–3396. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Zhang YH, Li HD, Li B, Jiang SD and Jiang LS: Ginsenoside Rg3 induces DNA damage in human osteosarcoma cells and reduces MNNG-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in normal human cells. Oncol Rep. 31:919–925. 2014.

86 

Poon PY, Kwok HH, Yue PY, Yang MS, Mak NK, Wong CK and Wong RN: Cytoprotective effect of 20S-Rg3 on benzo[a] pyrene-induced DNA damage. Drug Metab Dispos. 40:120–129. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Cheong JH, Kim H, Hong MJ, Yang MH, Kim JW, Yoo H, Yang H, Park JH, Sung SH, Kim HP and Kim J: Stereoisomer-specific anticancer activities of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 in HepG2 cells: disparity in cytotoxicity and autophagy-inducing effects due to 20(S)-epimers. Biol Pharm Bull. 38:102–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Wang Y, Jin Y, Zhou C, Qu H and Cheng Y: Discovering active compounds from mixture of natural products by data mining approach. Med Biol Eng Comput. 46:605–611. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Yang R, Chen D, Li M, Miao F, Liu P and Tang Q: 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3-loaded magnetic human serum albumin nanospheres applied to HeLa cervical cancer cells in vitro. Biomed Mater Eng. 24:1991–1998. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

90 

Yu H and Teng L, Meng Q, Li Y, Sun X, Lu J, J Lee R and Teng L: Development of liposomal ginsenoside Rg3: formulation optimization and evaluation of its anticancer effects. Int J Pharm. 450:250–258. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Li J, Liu T, Zhao L, Chen W, Hou H, Ye Z and Li X: Ginsenoside 20(S) Rg3 inhibits the Warburg effect through STAT3 pathways in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 46:775–781. 2015.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sun M, Ye Y, Xiao L, Duan X, Zhang Y and Zhang H: Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review). Int J Mol Med 39: 507-518, 2017.
APA
Sun, M., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., Duan, X., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2017). Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 39, 507-518. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2857
MLA
Sun, M., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., Duan, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H."Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39.3 (2017): 507-518.
Chicago
Sun, M., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., Duan, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H."Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39, no. 3 (2017): 507-518. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2857
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sun M, Ye Y, Xiao L, Duan X, Zhang Y and Zhang H: Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review). Int J Mol Med 39: 507-518, 2017.
APA
Sun, M., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., Duan, X., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2017). Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 39, 507-518. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2857
MLA
Sun, M., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., Duan, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H."Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39.3 (2017): 507-518.
Chicago
Sun, M., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., Duan, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H."Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39, no. 3 (2017): 507-518. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2857
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team