Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
July-2017 Volume 40 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2017 Volume 40 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells

  • Authors:
    • Huan Chang
    • Xin Li
    • Qian Cai
    • Chunyun Li
    • Lang Tian
    • Jia Chen
    • Xiaowei Xing
    • Yu Gan
    • Wen Ouyang
    • Zuocheng Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China, Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China, Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 182-192
    |
    Published online on: May 31, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3008
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Recent studies have found that viral myocarditis (VMC) associated with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) causes autophagy activation after infection, but the specific mechanism is not clear. The present study demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway participates in CVB3‑induced autophagy. We found that the light chain 3 (LC3)‑Ⅱ/LC3‑I ratio was increased and p62 and p‑mTOR were altered at different times during CVB3 infection. To further assess the effects of this signaling pathway on CVB3 infection and viral replication, we selected 24 h post‑inoculation (h.p.i.) as our research time point to conduct our next study. We inhibited the function of PI3K, Akt1 and mTOR. The outcome showed that inhibition of PI3K with ZSTK474 alleviated autophagy and decreased CVB3 mRNA replication and VP1 expression. Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin promoted autophagy and viral mRNA replication but did not impact VP1 expression. Inhibition of Akt with MK2206 aggravated autophagy induced by viral infection. In our research, p62 exhibited a decrease at the beginning of infection but then increased as infection time increased. This finding may serve as a clue to elucidate the function of autophagy at different times of infection. However, the details merit further study. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway participates in the process of autophagy induced by CVB3 infection. This finding may provide a new perspective of CVB3-induced autophagy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

View References

1 

Yajima T and Knowlton KU: Viral myocarditis: From the perspective of the virus. Circulation. 119:2615–2624. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Yajima T: Viral myocarditis: Potential defense mechanisms within the cardiomyocyte against virus infection. Future Microbiol. 6:551–566. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R, Hare J, Bricker JT, Bowles KR and Towbin JA: Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction: Evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 42:466–472. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Esfandiarei M and McManus BM: Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. Annu Rev Pathol. 3:127–155. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Sin J, Mangale V, Thienphrapa W, Gottlieb RA and Feuer R: Recent progress in understanding coxsackievirus replication, dissemination, and pathogenesis. Virology. 484:288–304. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liao YH, Xia N, Zhou SF, Tang TT, Yan XX, Lv BJ, Nie SF, Wang J, Iwakura Y, Xiao H, et al: Interleukin-17A contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 59:420–429. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Garmaroudi FS, Marchant D, Hendry R, Luo H, Yang D, Ye X, Shi J and McManus BM: Coxsackievirus B3 replication and pathogenesis. Future Microbiol. 10:629–653. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Tang A, Li X, Zhang J and Yang Z: LY294002 and Rapamycin promote coxsackievirus-induced cytopathic effect and apoptosis via inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem. 385:169–177. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

He B: Viruses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and interferon responses. Cell Death Differ. 13:393–403. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Zha X, Yue Y, Dong N and Xiong S: Endoplasmic reticulum stress aggravates viral myocarditis by raising inflammation through the IRE1-associated NF-κB pathway. Can J Cardiol. 31:1032–1040. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhang HM, Ye X, Su Y, Yuan J, Liu Z, Stein DA and Yang D: Coxsackievirus B3 infection activates the unfolded protein response and induces apoptosis through downregulation of p58IPK and activation of CHOP and SREBP1. J Virol. 84:8446–8459. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Liang C and Jung JU: Autophagy genes as tumor suppressors. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 22:226–233. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

13 

Sarkar S and Rubinsztein DC: Huntington's disease: Degradation of mutant huntingtin by autophagy. FEBS J. 275:4263–4270. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Cadwell K, Stappenbeck TS and Virgin HW: Role of autophagy and autophagy genes in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 335:141–167. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Lerena MC, Vázquez CL and Colombo MI: Bacterial pathogens and the autophagic response. Cell Microbiol. 12:10–18. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Tal MC and Iwasaki A: Autophagy and innate recognition systems. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 335:107–121. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wong J, Zhang J, Si X, Gao G, Mao I, McManus BM and Luo H: Autophagosome supports coxsackievirus B3 replication in host cells. J Virol. 82:9143–9153. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Kubli DA and Gustafsson AB: Cardiomyocyte health: Adapting to metabolic changes through autophagy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 25:156–164. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

19 

Robinson SM, Tsueng G, Sin J, Mangale V, Rahawi S, McIntyre LL, Williams W, Kha N, Cruz C, Hancock BM, et al: Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed microvesicles displaying autophagosomal markers. PLoS Pathog. 10:e10040452014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Zhai X, Bai B, Yu B, Wang T, Wang H, Wang Y, Li H, Tong L, Wang Y, Zhang F, et al: Coxsackievirus B3 induces autophagic response in cardiac myocytes in vivo. Biochemistry (Mosc). 80:1001–1009. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Kemball CC, Alirezaei M, Flynn CT, Wood MR, Harkins S, Kiosses WB and Whitton JL: Coxsackievirus infection induces autophagy-like vesicles and megaphagosomes in pancreatic acinar cells in vivo. J Virol. 84:12110–12124. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Alirezaei M, Flynn CT, Wood MR and Whitton JL: Pancreatic acinar cell-specific autophagy disruption reduces coxsackievirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo. Cell Host Microbe. 11:298–305. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Xin L, Xiao Z, Ma X, He F, Yao H and Liu Z: Coxsackievirus B3 induces crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis to benefit its release after replicating in autophagosomes through a mechanism involving caspase cleavage of autophagy-related proteins. Infect Genet Evol. 26:95–102. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Luo H and McManus BM: Is autophagy an avenue to modulate coxsackievirus replication and pathogenesis? Future Microbiol. 7:921–924. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Mohankumar V, Dhanushkodi NR and Raju R: Sindbis virus replication, is insensitive to rapamycin and torin1, and suppresses Akt/mTOR pathway late during infection in HEK cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 406:262–267. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ma J, Sun Q, Mi R and Zhang H: Avian influenza A virus H5N1 causes autophagy-mediated cell death through suppression of mTOR signaling. J Genet Genomics. 38:533–537. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Shelly S, Lukinova N, Bambina S, Berman A and Cherry S: Autophagy is an essential component of Drosophila immunity against vesicular stomatitis virus. Immunity. 30:588–598. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Huang H, Kang R, Wang J, Luo G, Yang W and Zhao Z: Hepatitis C virus inhibits AKT-tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathway, through endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce autophagy. Autophagy. 9:175–195. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

29 

Hu B, Zhang Y, Jia L, Wu H, Fan C, Sun Y, Ye C, Liao M and Zhou J: Binding of the pathogen receptor HSP90AA1 to avibirnavirus VP2 induces autophagy by inactivating the AKT-MTOR pathway. Autophagy. 11:503–515. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B and Guan KL: AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 13:132–141. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Vlahakis A and Powers T: A role for TOR complex 2 signaling in promoting autophagy. Autophagy. 10:2085–2086. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Bernard M, Dieudé M, Yang B, Hamelin K, Underwood K and Hébert MJ: Autophagy fosters myofibroblast differentiation through MTORC2 activation and downstream upregulation of CTGF. Autophagy. 10:2193–2207. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Xin L, Ma X, Xiao Z, Yao H and Liu Z: Coxsackievirus B3 induces autophagy in HeLa cells via the AMPK/MEK/ERK and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Infect Genet Evol. 36:46–54. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Levine B and Kroemer G: Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 132:27–42. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Li X, Li Z, Zhou W, Xing X, Huang L, Tian L, Chen J, Chen C, Ma X and Yang Z: Overexpression of 4EBP1, p70S6K, Akt1 or Akt2 differentially promotes Coxsackievirus B3-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Cell Death Dis. 4:e803–e809. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Li X, Zhang J, Chen Z, Yang L, Xing X, Ma X and Yang Z: Both PI3K- and mTOR-signaling pathways take part in CVB3-induced apoptosis of Hela cells. DNA Cell Biol. 32:359–370. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Klionsky DJ, Abeliovich H, Agostinis P, Agrawal DK, Aliev G, Askew DS, Baba M, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Ballabio A, et al: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes. Autophagy. 4:151–175. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Tanida I, Minematsu-Ikeguchi N, Ueno T and Kominami E: Lysosomal turnover, but not a cellular level, of endogenous LC3 is a marker for autophagy. Autophagy. 1:84–91. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Gutierrez MG, Master SS, Singh SB, Taylor GA, Colombo MI and Deretic V: Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in infected macrophages. Cell. 119:753–766. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Mizushima N, Levine B, Cuervo AM and Klionsky DJ: Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature. 451:1069–1075. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Mizushima N: Autophagy: Process and function. Genes Dev. 21:2861–2873. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Eskelinen EL: Maturation of autophagic vacuoles in Mammalian cells. Autophagy. 1:1–10. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, et al: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy. 8:445–544. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Lai JK, Sam IC and Chan YF: The autophagic machinery in enterovirus infection. Viruses. 8:E322016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Shi J, Wong J, Piesik P, Fung G, Zhang J, Jagdeo J, Li X, Jan E and Luo H: Cleavage of sequestosome 1/62 by an enteroviral protease results in disrupted selective autophagy and impaired NFKB signaling. Autophagy. 9:1591–1603. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Heras-Sandoval D, Pérez-Rojas JM, Hernández-Damián J and Pedraza-Chaverri J: The role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the modulation of autophagy and the clearance of protein aggregates in neurodegeneration. Cell Signal. 26:2694–2701. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Yao H and Han X and Han X: The cardioprotection of the insulin-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 14:433–442. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Taylor MP and Jackson WT: Viruses and arrested autophagosome development. Autophagy. 5:870–871. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Shi X, Chen Z, Tang S, Wu F, Xiong S and Dong C: Coxsackievirus B3 infection induces autophagic flux, and autophagosomes are critical for efficient viral replication. Arch Virol. 161:2197–2205. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Hoeflich KP, O'Brien C, Boyd Z, Cavet G, Guerrero S, Jung K, Januario T, Savage H, Punnoose E, Truong T, et al: In vivo antitumor activity of MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors in basal-like breast cancer models. Clin Cancer Res. 15:4649–4664. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chang H, Li X, Cai Q, Li C, Tian L, Chen J, Xing X, Gan Y, Ouyang W, Yang Z, Yang Z, et al: The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells. Int J Mol Med 40: 182-192, 2017.
APA
Chang, H., Li, X., Cai, Q., Li, C., Tian, L., Chen, J. ... Yang, Z. (2017). The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3008
MLA
Chang, H., Li, X., Cai, Q., Li, C., Tian, L., Chen, J., Xing, X., Gan, Y., Ouyang, W., Yang, Z."The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.1 (2017): 182-192.
Chicago
Chang, H., Li, X., Cai, Q., Li, C., Tian, L., Chen, J., Xing, X., Gan, Y., Ouyang, W., Yang, Z."The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 1 (2017): 182-192. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3008
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chang H, Li X, Cai Q, Li C, Tian L, Chen J, Xing X, Gan Y, Ouyang W, Yang Z, Yang Z, et al: The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells. Int J Mol Med 40: 182-192, 2017.
APA
Chang, H., Li, X., Cai, Q., Li, C., Tian, L., Chen, J. ... Yang, Z. (2017). The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3008
MLA
Chang, H., Li, X., Cai, Q., Li, C., Tian, L., Chen, J., Xing, X., Gan, Y., Ouyang, W., Yang, Z."The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.1 (2017): 182-192.
Chicago
Chang, H., Li, X., Cai, Q., Li, C., Tian, L., Chen, J., Xing, X., Gan, Y., Ouyang, W., Yang, Z."The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in CVB3-induced autophagy of HeLa cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 1 (2017): 182-192. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3008
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team