Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 40 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 40 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages

  • Authors:
    • Xu-Xin Chen
    • Lu Tang
    • Yu-Mei Fu
    • Yi Wang
    • Zhi-Hai Han
    • Ji-Guang Meng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Navy General Hospital of the PLA, Beijing 100037, P.R. China, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 430100, P.R. China, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Jinan City Affiliated to Jining Medical College, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1921-1931
    |
    Published online on: September 28, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3161
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the first line of defense against foreign stimulation in alveoli, and they participate in inflammatory responses during acute lung injury (ALI). Previous studies indicated that paralemmin-3 (PALM3) expression is induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and may be involved in LPS-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in alveolar epithelial cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PALM3 on LPS-induced inflammation and its underlying mechanisms in rat AMs. For this purpose, the authors detected the expression of PALM3 in AMs by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting following LPS stimulation. Following this, a recombinant adenovirus expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for PALM3 was constructed, as well as a recombinant adenovirus carrying the rat PALM3 gene to modulate the expression of PALM3 in rat AMs. At 48 h after transfection, the PALM3 expression in AMs was detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The levels of several cytokines and the activity of nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 in AMs were measured after LPS stimulation. The localization of PALM3 and LPS-TLR4 signaling adaptor molecules in AMs was analyzed by confocal microscopy, and the physical interactions of PALM3 with these adaptors were assessed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. LPS induced PALM3 expression in AMs and that PALM3 expression promoted the LPS-induced inflammatory response, while PALM3 downregulation suppressed the LPS-induced inflammatory response in AMs. In addition, the results demonstrated that PALM3 could interact with TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor associated kinase-1, tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor-6, and Toll-IL-1 receptor containing adapter molecule-2 in AMs after LPS stimulation. These results suggested that PALM3 contributes to the LPS-induced inflammatory response and participates in LPS-TLR4 signaling in AMs. These data may provide the basis for the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies of treating ALI.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Wang Q, Wang J, Hu M, Yang Y, Guo L and Xu J, Lei C, Jiao Y and Xu J: Uncoupling protein 2 increases susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2016:91542302016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Wang Q, Zheng X, Cheng Y, Zhang YL, Wen HX, Tao Z, Li H, Hao Y, Gao Y, Yang LM, et al: Resolvin D1 stimulates alveolar fluid clearance through alveolar epithelial sodium channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. J Immunol. 192:3765–3777. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Zhu T, Wang DX, Zhang W, Liao XQ, Guan X, Bo H, Sun JY, Huang NW, He J, Zhang YK, et al: Andrographolide protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury by inactivation of NF-κB. PLoS One. 8:e564072013. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Han J, Li C, Liu H, Fen D, Hu W, Liu Y, Guan C and Luo ZQ: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated rat alveolar macrophage activation in vitro by antiflammin-1. Cell Biol Int. 32:1108–1115. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wu DD, Pan PH, Liu B, Su XL, Zhang LM, Tan HY, Cao Z, Zhou ZR, Li HT, Li HS, et al: Inhibition of alveolar macrophage pyroptosis reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Chin Med J (Engl). 128:2638–2645. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Johnston LK, Rims CR, Gill SE, McGuire JK and Manicone AM: Pulmonary macrophage subpopulations in the induction and resolution of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 47:417–426. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Aggarwal NR, King LS and D'Alessio FR: Diverse macrophage populations mediate acute lung inflammation and resolution. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 306:L709–L725. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Dagvadorj J, Shimada K, Chen S, Jones HD, Tumurkhuu G, Zhang W, Wawrowsky KA, Crother TR and Arditi M: Lipopolysaccharide induces alveolar macrophage necrosis via CD14 and the P2X7 receptor leading to interleukin-1α release. Immunity. 42:640–653. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Takashima K, Matsushima M, Hashimoto K, Nose H, Sato M, Hashimoto N, Hasegawa Y and Kawabe T: Protective effects of intratracheally administered quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Respir Res. 15:1502014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Xi F, Liu Y, Wang X, Kong W and Zhao F: LYATK1 potently inhibits LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 470:1–8. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Molteni M, Gemma S and Rossetti C: The role of Toll-like receptor 4 in infectious and noninfectious inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2016:69789362016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bordon Y: Inflammation: TNF snuffs out steroids. Nat Rev Immunol. 14:2142014.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Cornish JA, Kloc M, Decker GL, Reddy BA and Etkin LD: Xlcaax-1 is localized to the basolateral membrane of kidney tubule and other polarized epithelia during Xenopus development. Dev Biol. 150:108–120. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hu B, Petrasch-Parwez E, Laue MM and Kilimann MW: Molecular characterization and immunohistochemical localization of palmdelphin, a cytosolic isoform of the paralemmin protein family implicated in membrane dynamics. Eur J Cell Biol. 84:853–866. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kutzleb C, Sanders G, Yamamoto R, Wang X, Lichte B, Petrasch-Parwez E and Kilimann MW: Paralemmin, a prenyl-palmitoyl-anchored phosphoprotein abundant in neurons and implicated in plasma membrane dynamics and cell process formation. J Cell Biol. 143:795–813. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Albrecht I, Bieri R, Leu A, Granacher P, Hagmann J, Kilimann MW and Christofori G: Paralemmin-1 is expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells and modulates cell migration, cell maturation and tumor lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 16:795–807. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Turk CM, Fagan-Solis KD, Williams KE, Gozgit JM, Smith-Schneider S, Marconi SA, Otis CN, Crisi GM, Anderton DL, Kilimann MW, et al: Paralemmin-1 is over-expressed in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers. Cancer Cell Int. 12:172012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Kutzleb C, Petrasch-Parwez E and Kilimann MW: Cellular and subcellular localization of paralemmin-1, a protein involved in cell shape control, in the rat brain, adrenal gland and kidney. Histochem Cell Biol. 127:13–30. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Chen X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Wang G, Feng J, Li Q and Qian G: A novel binding protein of single immunoglobulin IL-1 receptor-related molecule: Paralemmin-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 404:1029–1033. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Li S, Guo L, Zhao Y, Qian P, Lv X, Qian L, Wang Q, Qian G, Yao W and Wu X: Silencing of paralemmin-3 protects mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Peptides. 76:65–72. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Rao R, Nagarkatti P and Nagarkatti M: Role of miRNA in the regulation of inflammatory genes in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced acute inflammatory lung injury and mortality. Toxicol Sci. 144:284–297. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Liu LM, Tu WJ, Zhu T, Wang XT, Tan ZL, Zhong H, Gao DY and Liang DY: IRF3 is an important molecule in the UII/UT system and mediates immune inflammatory injury in acute liver failure. Oncotarget. 7:49027–49041. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Qi T, Xu F, Yan X, Li S and Li H: Sulforaphane exerts anti-inflammatory effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Int J Mol Med. 37:182–188. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Sugiyama K, Muroi M, Kinoshita M, Hamada O, Minai Y, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y and Tanamoto K: NF-κB activation via MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling is inhibited by trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. J Toxicol Sci. 41:273–279. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Fernandez-Bustamante A, Agazio A, Wilson P, Elkins N, Domaleski L, He Q, Baer KA, Moss AF, Wischmeyer PE and Repine JE: Brief glutamine pretreatment increases alveolar macrophage CD163/heme oxygenase-1/p38-MAPK dephosphorylation pathway and decreases capillary damage but not neutrophil recruitment in IL-1/LPS-insufflated rats. PLoS One. 10:e01307642015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Shan Y, Lin N, Yang X, Tan J, Zhao R, Dong S and Wang S: Sulphoraphane inhibited the expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 through MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor-4 pathway in cultured endothelial cells. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 22:215–222. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Van Linthout S, Spillmann F, Graiani G, Miteva K, Peng J, Van Craeyveld E, Meloni M, Tölle M, Escher F, Subasigüller A, et al: Down-regulation of endothelial TLR4 signalling after apo A-I gene transfer contributes to improved survival in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl). 89:151–160. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Goliaei B and Peyvandi AA: Protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) and complex diseases. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 7:17–31. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Oshiumi H, Sasai M, Shida K, Fujita T, Matsumoto M and Seya T: TIR-containing adapter molecule (TICAM)-2, a bridging adapter recruiting to toll-like receptor 4 TICAM-1 that induces interferon-beta. J Biol Chem. 278:49751–49762. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wald D, Qin J, Zhao Z, Qian Y, Naramura M, Tian L, Towne J, Sims JE, Stark GR and Li X: SIGIRR, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-interleukin 1 receptor signaling. Nat Immunol. 4:920–927. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen X, Tang L, Fu Y, Wang Y, Han Z and Meng J: Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages. Int J Mol Med 40: 1921-1931, 2017.
APA
Chen, X., Tang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, Z., & Meng, J. (2017). Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 1921-1931. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3161
MLA
Chen, X., Tang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, Z., Meng, J."Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.6 (2017): 1921-1931.
Chicago
Chen, X., Tang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, Z., Meng, J."Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 6 (2017): 1921-1931. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3161
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen X, Tang L, Fu Y, Wang Y, Han Z and Meng J: Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages. Int J Mol Med 40: 1921-1931, 2017.
APA
Chen, X., Tang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, Z., & Meng, J. (2017). Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 1921-1931. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3161
MLA
Chen, X., Tang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, Z., Meng, J."Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.6 (2017): 1921-1931.
Chicago
Chen, X., Tang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, Z., Meng, J."Paralemmin-3 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and is involved in lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in alveolar macrophages". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 6 (2017): 1921-1931. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3161
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team