Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 40 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 40 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway

  • Authors:
    • Ninggang Yang
    • Jing Gao
    • Xin Cheng
    • Cuilan Hou
    • Yaya Yang
    • Yanxin Qiu
    • Mengrou Xu
    • Yuan Zhang
    • Shuangsheng Huang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China, Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1881-1888
    |
    Published online on: September 28, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3162
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common oral squamous cell carcinoma. Despite significant advances in combined therapies, the 5-year survival rate of patients with TSCC has not notably improved; this is due to regional recurrences and lymph node metastasis. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are consumed as dietary supplements worldwide and possess anticancer activity against several different types of cancer. However, their effect on TSCC and the underlying mechanisms by which they function remain unclear. In the present study, it was identified that GSPs significantly inhibited the viability and induced the apoptosis of Tca8113 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This was associated with a significantly increased expression of the pro-apoptosis regulator BAX protein and a significantly decreased expression of the anti-apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 protein at 100 µg/ml GSPs. In addition, at non-toxic concentrations GSPs significantly inhibited the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 from Tca8113 cells, as well as their migration and invasion. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that GSPs significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and IκB kinase, as well as the translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) into the nucleus of Tca8113 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that GSPs inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of Tca8113 cells through suppression of the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. This indicates that GSPs may be developed as a novel potential chemopreventive agent against TSCC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Chi AC, Day TA and Neville BW: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma–an update. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:401–421. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:7–30. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ and He J: Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:115–132. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Warnakulasuriya S: Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 45:309–316. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Sano D and Myers JN: Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 26:645–662. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH and Edgren G: Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: A global study. Head Neck. 39:297–304. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Patel SC, Carpenter WR, Tyree S, Couch ME, Weissler M, Hackman T, Hayes DN, Shores C and Chera BS: Increasing incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young white women, age 18 to 44 years. J Clin Oncol. 29:1488–1494. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Pavia M, Pileggi C, Nobile CG and Angelillo IF: Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 83:1126–1134. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Khan N, Afaq F and Mukhtar H: Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: Progress and promise. Antioxid Redox Signal. 10:475–510. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Weng CJ and Yen GC: Chemopreventive effects of dietary phytochemicals against cancer invasion and metastasis: Phenolic acids, monophenol, polyphenol, and their derivatives. Cancer Treat Rev. 38:76–87. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Gonçalves VP, Ortega AA, Guimarães MR, Curylofo FA, Rossa Junior C, Ribeiro DA and Spolidorio LC: Chemopreventive activity of systemically administered curcumin on oral cancer in the 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide model. J Cell Biochem. 116:787–796. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Zlotogorski A, Dayan A, Dayan D, Chaushu G, Salo T and Vered M: Nutraceuticals as new treatment approaches for oral cancer: I. Curcumin. Oral Oncol. 49:187–191. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Iriti M and Varoni EM: Chemopreventive potential of flavonoids in oral squamous cell carcinoma in human studies. Nutrients. 5:2564–2576. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zlotogorski A, Dayan A, Dayan D, Chaushu G, Salo T and Vered M: Nutraceuticals as new treatment approaches for oral cancer: II. Green tea extracts and resveratrol. Oral Oncol. 49:502–506. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Silva RC, Rigaud J, Cheynier V and Chemina A: Procyanidin dimers and trimers from grape seeds. Phytochemistry. 30:1259–1264. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Prieur C, Rigaud J, Cheynier V and Moutounet M: Oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins from grape seeds. Phytochemistry. 36:781–789. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Nandakumar V, Singh T and Katiyar SK: Multi-targeted prevention and therapy of cancer by proanthocyanidins. Cancer Lett. 269:378–387. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kaur M, Agarwal C and Agarwal R: Anticancer and cancer chemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grape-based products. J Nutr. 139:1806S–1812S. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Katiyar SK and Athar M: Grape seeds: Ripe for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 6:617–621. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Chatelain K, Phippen S, McCabe J, Teeters CA, O'Malley S and Kingsley K: Cranberry and grape seed extracts inhibit the proliferative phenotype of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011:4676912011. View Article : Google Scholar :

22 

Lin YS, Chen SF, Liu CL and Nieh S: The chemoadjuvant potential of grape seed procyanidins on p53-related cell death in oral cancer cells. J Oral Pathol Med. 41:322–331. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Aghbali A, Hosseini SV, Delazar A, Gharavi NK, Shahneh FZ, Orangi M, Bandehagh A and Baradaran B: Induction of apoptosis by grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 13:186–191. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sun Q, Prasad R, Rosenthal E and Katiyar SK: Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the invasiveness of human HNSCC cells by targeting EGFR and reversing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One. 7:e310932012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Yen CY, Hou MF, Yang ZW, Tang JY, Li KT, Huang HW, Huang YH, Lee SY, Fu TF, Hsieh CY, et al: Concentration effects of grape seed extracts in anti-oral cancer cells involving differential apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. BMC Complement Altern Med. 15:942015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Shrotriya S, Tyagi A, Deep G, Orlicky DJ, Wisell J, Wang XJ, Sclafani RA, Agarwal R and Agarwal C: Grape seed extract and resveratrol prevent 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced oral tumorigenesis in mice by modulating AMPK activation and associated biological responses. Mol Carcinog. 54:291–300. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Vichai V and Kirtikara K: Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening. Nat Protoc. 1:1112–1116. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Huang S, Yang N, Liu Y, Hu L, Zhao J, Gao J, Li Y, Li C, Zhang X and Huang T: Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit angiogenesis via the downregulation of both vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin signaling. Nutr Res. 32:530–536. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Albini A, Iwamoto Y, Kleinman HK, Martin GR, Aaronson SA, Kozlowski JM and McEwan RN: A rapid in vitro assay for quantitating the invasive potential of tumor cells. Cancer Res. 47:3239–3245. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Dogan E, Cetinayak HO, Sarioglu S, Erdag TK and Ikiz AO: Patterns of cervical lymph node metastases in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: Implications for elective and therapeutic neck dissection. J Laryngol Otol. 128:268–273. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fraga CG and Oteiza PI: Dietary flavonoids: Role of (−)-epicatechin and related procyanidins in cell signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 51:813–823. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Bagchi D, Swaroop A, Preuss HG and Bagchi M: Free radical scavenging, antioxidant and cancer chemoprevention by grape seed proanthocyanidin: An overview. Mutat Res. 768:69–73. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Delbridge AR, Grabow S, Strasser A and Vaux DL: Thirty years of BCL-2: Translating cell death discoveries into novel cancer therapies. Nat Rev Cancer. 16:99–109. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Siddiqui WA, Ahad A and Ahsan H: The mystery of BCL2 family: Bcl-2 proteins and apoptosis: an update. Arch Toxicol. 89:289–317. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Wan L, Pantel K and Kang Y: Tumor metastasis: Moving new biological insights into the clinic. Nat Med. 19:1450–1464. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Martini M, De Santis MC, Braccini L, Gulluni F and Hirsch E: PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cancer: An updated review. Ann Med. 46:372–383. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Tokunaga E, Oki E, Egashira A, Sadanaga N, Morita M, Kakeji Y and Maehara Y: Deregulation of the Akt pathway in human cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 8:27–36. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Manning BD and Cantley LC: AKT/PKB signaling: Navigating downstream. Cell. 129:1261–1274. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ozes ON, Mayo LD, Gustin JA, Pfeffer SR, Pfeffer LM and Donner DB: NF-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine-threonine kinase. Nature. 401:82–85. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Dolcet X, Llobet D, Pallares J and Matias-Guiu X: NF-kB in development and progression of human cancer. Virchows Arch. 446:475–482. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Oeckinghaus A, Hayden MS, Ghosh S and Matias-Guiu X: Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways. Nat Immunol. 12:695–708. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Nakayama H, Ikebe T, Beppu M and Shirasuna K: High expression levels of nuclear factor kappaB, IkappaB kinase alpha and Akt kinase in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer. 92:3037–3044. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang N, Gao J, Cheng X, Hou C, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Xu M, Zhang Y and Huang S: Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 40: 1881-1888, 2017.
APA
Yang, N., Gao, J., Cheng, X., Hou, C., Yang, Y., Qiu, Y. ... Huang, S. (2017). Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 1881-1888. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3162
MLA
Yang, N., Gao, J., Cheng, X., Hou, C., Yang, Y., Qiu, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, S."Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.6 (2017): 1881-1888.
Chicago
Yang, N., Gao, J., Cheng, X., Hou, C., Yang, Y., Qiu, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, S."Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 6 (2017): 1881-1888. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3162
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang N, Gao J, Cheng X, Hou C, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Xu M, Zhang Y and Huang S: Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 40: 1881-1888, 2017.
APA
Yang, N., Gao, J., Cheng, X., Hou, C., Yang, Y., Qiu, Y. ... Huang, S. (2017). Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 1881-1888. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3162
MLA
Yang, N., Gao, J., Cheng, X., Hou, C., Yang, Y., Qiu, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, S."Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.6 (2017): 1881-1888.
Chicago
Yang, N., Gao, J., Cheng, X., Hou, C., Yang, Y., Qiu, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, S."Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 6 (2017): 1881-1888. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3162
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team