Vitamin D, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with OncoTherad immunomodulator in interferon signaling and COVID‑19 (Review)

Name,José João; Vasconcelos,Andrea Rodrigues; Souza,Ana Carolina Remondi; Fávaro,Wagner José

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2021.4844

Vitamin D, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with OncoTherad immunomodulator in interferon signaling and COVID‑19 (Review)

Authors:
- José João Name
- Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos
- Ana Carolina Remondi Souza
- Wagner José Fávaro
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Affiliations: Kilyos Assessoria, Cursos e Palestras (Kilyos Nutrition), São Paulo, SP 01311‑100, Brazil, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508‑000, Brazil, Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083‑970, Brazil
Published online on: January 4, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4844
Article Number: 11
Copyright: © Name et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), was identified in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has continued to spread rapidly in numerous countries, while the search for effective therapeutic options persists. Coronaviruses, including SARS‑CoV‑2, are known to suppress and evade the antiviral responses of the host organism mediated by interferon (IFN), a family of cytokines that plays an important role in antiviral defenses associated with innate immunity, and has been used therapeutically for chronic viral diseases and cancer. On the other hand, OncoTherad, a safe and effective immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of non‑muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), increases IFN signaling and has been shown to be a promising therapeutic approach for COVID‑19 in a case report that described the rapid recovery of a 78‑year‑old patient with NMIBC with comorbidities. The present review discusses the possible synergistic action of OncoTherad with vitamin D, zinc and glutamine, nutrients that have been shown to facilitate immune responses mediated by IFN signaling, as well as the potential of this combination as a therapeutic option for COVID‑19.

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