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Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Rehan Ahmad
    • Jaikee Kumar Singh
    • Amoolya Wunnava
    • Omar Al‑Obeed
    • Maha Abdulla
    • Sandeep Kumar Srivastava
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia, Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
    Copyright: © Ahmad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 14
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    Published online on: January 7, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently detected type of cancer, and the second most common cause of cancer‑related mortality globally. The American Cancer Society predicted that approximately 147,950 individuals would be diagnosed with CRC, out of which 53,200 individuals would succumb to the disease in the USA alone in 2020. CRC‑related mortality ranks third among both males and females in the USA. CRC arises from 3 major pathways: i) The adenoma‑carcinoma sequence; ii) serrated pathway; and iii) the inflammatory pathway. The majority of cases of CRC are sporadic and result from risk factors, such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, processed diets, alcohol consumption and smoking. CRC is also a common preventable cancer. With widespread CRC screening, the incidence and mortality from CRC have decreased in developed countries. However, over the past few decades, CRC cases and mortality have been on the rise in young adults (age, <50 years). In addition, CRC cases are increasing in developing countries with a low gross domestic product (GDP) due to lifestyle changes. CRC is an etiologically heterogeneous disease classified by tumor location and alterations in global gene expression. Accumulating genetic and epigenetic perturbations and aberrations over time in tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and DNA mismatch repair genes could be a precursor to the onset of colorectal cancer. CRC can be divided as sporadic, familial, and inherited depending on the origin of the mutation. Germline mutations in APC and MLH1 have been proven to play an etiological role, resulting in the predisposition of individuals to CRC. Genetic alterations cause the dysregulation of signaling pathways leading to drug resistance, the inhibition of apoptosis and the induction of proliferation, invasion and migration, resulting in CRC development and metastasis. Timely detection and effective precision therapies based on the present knowledge of CRC is essential for successful treatment and patient survival. The present review presents the CRC incidence, risk factors, dysregulated signaling pathways and targeted therapies.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ahmad R, Singh JK, Wunnava A, Al‑Obeed O, Abdulla M and Srivastava SK: Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review). Int J Mol Med 47: 14, 2021.
APA
Ahmad, R., Singh, J.K., Wunnava, A., Al‑Obeed, O., Abdulla, M., & Srivastava, S.K. (2021). Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 47, 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
MLA
Ahmad, R., Singh, J. K., Wunnava, A., Al‑Obeed, O., Abdulla, M., Srivastava, S. K."Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47.3 (2021): 14.
Chicago
Ahmad, R., Singh, J. K., Wunnava, A., Al‑Obeed, O., Abdulla, M., Srivastava, S. K."Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47, no. 3 (2021): 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ahmad R, Singh JK, Wunnava A, Al‑Obeed O, Abdulla M and Srivastava SK: Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review). Int J Mol Med 47: 14, 2021.
APA
Ahmad, R., Singh, J.K., Wunnava, A., Al‑Obeed, O., Abdulla, M., & Srivastava, S.K. (2021). Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 47, 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
MLA
Ahmad, R., Singh, J. K., Wunnava, A., Al‑Obeed, O., Abdulla, M., Srivastava, S. K."Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47.3 (2021): 14.
Chicago
Ahmad, R., Singh, J. K., Wunnava, A., Al‑Obeed, O., Abdulla, M., Srivastava, S. K."Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47, no. 3 (2021): 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
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