Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
February-2024 Volume 53 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2024 Volume 53 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yu Zhou
    • Qiang Wu
    • Yingchu Guo
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 17
    |
    Published online on: December 21, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5341
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a dominant driving force underlying multiple cardiovascular events, is an intertwined and chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid deposition in the arterial wall, which leads to diverse cardiovascular problems. Despite unprecedented advances in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the substantial decline in cardiovascular mortality, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a global public health issue. Understanding the molecular landscape of atherosclerosis is imperative in the field of molecular cardiology. Recently, compelling evidence has shown that an important family of homeobox (HOX) genes endows causality in orchestrating the interplay between various cardiovascular biological processes and atherosclerosis. Despite seemingly scratching the surface, such insight into the realization of biology promises to yield extraordinary breakthroughs in ameliorating atherosclerosis. Primarily recapitulated herein are the contributions of HOX in atherosclerosis, including diverse cardiovascular biology, knowledge gaps, remaining challenges and future directions. A snapshot of other cardiovascular biological processes was also provided, including cardiac/vascular development, cardiomyocyte pyroptosis/apoptosis, cardiac fibroblast proliferation and cardiac hypertrophy, which are responsible for cardiovascular disorders. Further in‑depth investigation of HOX promises to provide a potential yet challenging landscape, albeit largely undetermined to date, for partially pinpointing the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. A plethora of new targeted therapies may ultimately emerge against atherosclerosis, which is rapidly underway. However, translational undertakings are crucially important but increasingly challenging and remain an ongoing and monumental conundrum in the field.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Libby P, Ridker PM and Maseri A: Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 105:1135–1143. 2002.

2 

Gallino A, Aboyans V, Diehm C, Cosentino F, Stricker H, Falk E, Schouten O, Lekakis J, Amann-Vesti B, Siclari F, et al: Non-coronary atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 35:1112–1119. 2014.

3 

Ross R: Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 340:115–126. 1999.

4 

Libby P: Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 420:868–874. 2002.

5 

Kanai M, Hamada J, Takada M, Asano T, Murakawa K, Takahashi Y, Murai T, Tada M, Miyamoto M, Kondo S and Moriuchi T: Aberrant expressions of HOX genes in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas. Oncol Rep. 23:843–851. 2010.

6 

Cantile M, Pettinato G, Procino A, Feliciello I, Cindolo L and Cillo C: In vivo expression of the whole HOX gene network in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 39:257–264. 2003.

7 

Abe M, Hamada J, Takahashi O, Takahashi Y, Tada M, Miyamoto M, Morikawa T, Kondo S and Moriuchi T: Disordered expression of Hox genes in human non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep. 15:797–802. 2006.

8 

Lescroart F and Zaffran S: Hox and Tale transcription factors in heart development and disease. Int J Dev Biol. 62:837–846. 2018.

9 

Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC and Hierck BP: The development of the heart and microcirculation: Role of shear stress. Med Biol Eng Comput. 46:479–484. 2008.

10 

Makki N and Capecchi MR: Hoxa1 lineage tracing indicates a direct role for Hoxa1 in the development of the inner ear, the heart, and the third rhombomere. Dev Biol. 341:499–509. 2010.

11 

Yu C, Wu B, Jiang J, Yang G, Weng C and Cai F: Overexpressed lncRNA ROR promotes the biological characteristics of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs via the let-7b-5p/HOXA1 axis in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 8:6597692021.

12 

Jing Y, Gao B, Han Z, Xia L and Xin S: The protective effect of HOXA5 on carotid atherosclerosis occurs by modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 534:1113662021.

13 

Luo Z, Rhie SK and Farnham PJ: The enigmatic HOX genes: Can we crack their code? Cancers (Basel). 11:3232019.

14 

Shah N and Sukumar S: The Hox genes and their roles in oncogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 10:361–371. 2010.

15 

Lewis EB: A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature. 276:565–570. 1978.

16 

Chariot A, Gielen J, Merville MP and Bours V: The homeodomain-containing proteins: An update on their interacting partners. Biochem Pharmacol. 58:1851–1857. 1999.

17 

Rezsohazy R, Saurin AJ, Maurel-Zaffran C and Graba Y: Cellular and molecular insights into Hox protein action. Development. 142:1212–1227. 2015.

18 

Hudry B, Remacle S, Delfini MC, Rezsohazy R, Graba Y and Merabet S: Hox proteins display a common and ancestral ability to diversify their interaction mode with the PBC class cofactors. PLoS Biol. 10:e10013512012.

19 

Banerjee-Basu S and Baxevanis AD: Molecular evolution of the homeodomain family of transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:3258–3269. 2001.

20 

Daftary GS and Taylor HS: Endocrine regulation of HOX genes. Endocr Rev. 27:331–355. 2006.

21 

Lohmann I: Hox genes: Realising the importance of realisators. Curr Biol. 16:R988–R989. 2006.

22 

Krumlauf R: Hox genes, clusters and collinearity. Int J Dev Biol. 62:659–663. 2018.

23 

Beh CY, El-Sharnouby S, Chatzipli A, Russell S, Choo SW and White R: Roles of cofactors and chromatin accessibility in Hox protein target specificity. Epigenetics Chromatin. 9:12016.

24 

Rubin E, Wu X, Zhu T, Cheung JC, Chen H, Lorincz A, Pandita RK, Sharma GG, Ha HC, Gasson J, et al: A role for the HOXB7 homeodomain protein in DNA repair. Cancer Res. 67:1527–1535. 2007.

25 

Comelli L, Marchetti L, Arosio D, Riva S, Abdurashidova G, Beltram F and Falaschi A: The homeotic protein HOXC13 is a member of human DNA replication complexes. Cell Cycle. 8:454–459. 2009.

26 

Topisirovic I, Kentsis A, Perez JM, Guzman ML, Jordan CT and Borden KL: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E activity is modulated by HOXA9 at multiple levels. Mol Cell Biol. 25:1100–1112. 2005.

27 

Bergiers I, Bridoux L, Nguyen N, Twizere JC and Rezsöhazy R: The homeodomain transcription factor Hoxa2 interacts with and promotes the proteasomal degradation of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase RCHY1. PLoS One. 8:e803872013.

28 

Wang R, Huang Q, Zhou R, Dong Z, Qi Y, Li H, Wei X, Wu H, Wang H, Wilcox CS, et al: Sympathoexcitation in rats with chronic heart failure depends on homeobox D10 and MicroRNA-7b inhibiting GABBR1 translation in paraventricular nucleus. Circ Heart Fail. 9:e0022612016.

29 

Cai S, Liu R, Wang P, Li J, Xie T, Wang M, Cao Y, Li Z and Liu P: PRMT5 prevents cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via symmetric dimethylating HoxA9 and repressing HoxA9 expression. Front Pharmacol. 11:6006272020.

30 

Han Z, Guan Y, Liu B, Lin Y, Yan Y, Wang H, Wang H and Jing B: MicroRNA-99a-5p alleviates atherosclerosis via regulating Homeobox A1. Life Sci. 232:1166642019.

31 

Navab M, Ananthramaiah GM, Reddy ST, Van Lenten BJ, Ansell BJ, Fonarow GC, Vahabzadeh K, Hama S, Hough G, Kamranpour N, et al: The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: The role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL. J Lipid Res. 45:993–1007. 2004.

32 

Miller YI, Choi SH, Wiesner P, Fang L, Harkewicz R, Hartvigsen K, Boullier A, Gonen A, Diehl CJ, Que X, et al: Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity. Circ Res. 108:235–248. 2011.

33 

Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, Daemen MJ, Demer LL, Hegele RA, Nicholls SJ, et al: Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: A consensus statement from the European atherosclerosis society consensus panel. Eur Heart J. 41:2313–2330. 2020.

34 

Huang C, Hu YW, Zhao JJ, Ma X, Zhang Y, Guo FX, Kang CM, Lu JB, Xiu JC, Sha YH, et al: Long noncoding RNA HOXC-AS1 suppresses Ox-LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation through promoting HOXC6 expression in THP-1 macrophages. DNA Cell Biol. 35:722–729. 2016.

35 

Libby P and Hansson GK: From focal lipid storage to systemic inflammation: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 74:1594–1607. 2019.

36 

Lee JY, Park KS, Cho EJ, Joo HK, Lee SK, Lee SD, Park JB, Chang SJ and Jeon BH: Human HOXA5 homeodomain enhances protein transduction and its application to vascular inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 410:312–316. 2011.

37 

Chen Y and Gorski DH: Regulation of angiogenesis through a microRNA (miR-130a) that down-regulates antiangiogenic homeobox genes GAX and HOXA5. Blood. 111:1217–1226. 2008.

38 

Dunn J, Qiu H, Kim S, Jjingo D, Hoffman R, Kim CW, Jang I, Son DJ, Kim D, Pan C, et al: Flow-dependent epigenetic DNA methylation regulates endothelial gene expression and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest. 124:3187–3199. 2014.

39 

Trigueros-Motos L, González-Granado JM, Cheung C, Fernández P, Sánchez-Cabo F, Dopazo A, Sinha S and Andrés V: Embryological-origin-dependent differences in homeobox expression in adult aorta: Role in regional phenotypic variability and regulation of NF-κB activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 33:1248–1256. 2013.

40 

Liu S, Gao J and Wang S: HOXA9 inhibitors promote microcirculation of coronary arteries in rats via downregulating E-selectin/VCAM-1. Exp Ther Med. 22:8712021.

41 

Bandyopadhyay S, Ashraf MZ, Daher P, Howe PH and DiCorleto PE: HOXA9 participates in the transcriptional activation of E-selectin in endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 27:4207–4216. 2007.

42 

Trivedi CM, Patel RC and Patel CV: Homeobox gene HOXA9 inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B dependent activation of endothelium. Atherosclerosis. 195:e50–e60. 2007.

43 

Patel CV, Sharangpani R, Bandyopadhyay S and DiCorleto PE: Endothelial cells express a novel, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-regulated variant of HOXA9. J Biol Chem. 274:1415–1422. 1999.

44 

Souilhol C, Gauci I, Feng S, Tardajos Ayllon B, Mahmoud M, Canham L, Fragiadaki M, Serbanovic-Canic J, Ridger V and Evans PC: Homeobox B9 integrates bone morphogenic protein 4 with inflammation at atheroprone sites. Cardiovasc Res. 116:1300–1310. 2020.

45 

Fessner A, Esser JS, Bluhm F, Grundmann S, Zhou Q, Patterson C, Bode C and Moser M: The transcription factor HoxB5 stimulates vascular remodelling in a cytokine-dependent manner. Cardiovasc Res. 101:247–255. 2014.

46 

Mace KA, Hansen SL, Myers C, Young DM and Boudreau N: HOXA3 induces cell migration in endothelial and epithelial cells promoting angiogenesis and wound repair. J Cell Sci. 118:2567–2577. 2005.

47 

Boudreau NJ and Varner JA: The homeobox transcription factor Hox D3 promotes integrin alpha5beta1 expression and function during angiogenesis. J Biol Chem. 279:4862–4868. 2004.

48 

Myers C, Charboneau A, Cheung I, Hanks D and Boudreau N: Sustained expression of homeobox D10 inhibits angiogenesis. Am J Pathol. 161:2099–2109. 2002.

49 

Rhoads K, Arderiu G, Charboneau A, Hansen SL, Hoffman W and Boudreau N: A role for Hox A5 in regulating angiogenesis and vascular patterning. Lymphat Res Biol. 3:240–252. 2005.

50 

Arderiu G, Cuevas I, Chen A, Carrio M, East L and Boudreau NJ: HoxA5 stabilizes adherens junctions via increased Akt1. Cell Adh Migr. 1:185–195. 2007.

51 

Winnik S, Klinkert M, Kurz H, Zoeller C, Heinke J, Wu Y, Bode C, Patterson C and Moser M: HoxB5 induces endothelial sprouting in vitro and modifies intussusceptive angiogenesis in vivo involving angiopoietin-2. Cardiovasc Res. 83:558–565. 2009.

52 

Park H, Choi HJ, Kim J, Kim M, Rho SS, Hwang D, Kim YM and Kwon YG: Homeobox D1 regulates angiogenic functions of endothelial cells via integrin β1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 408:186–192. 2011.

53 

Bruhl T, Urbich C, Aicher D, Acker-Palmer A, Zeiher AM and Dimmeler S: Homeobox A9 transcriptionally regulates the EphB4 receptor to modulate endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Circ Res. 94:743–751. 2004.

54 

Stoll SJ and Kroll J: HOXC9: A key regulator of endothelial cell quiescence and vascular morphogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 22:7–11. 2012.

55 

Stoll SJ, Bartsch S, Augustin HG and Kroll J: The transcription factor HOXC9 regulates endothelial cell quiescence and vascular morphogenesis in zebrafish via inhibition of interleukin 8. Circ Res. 108:1367–1377. 2011.

56 

Chung N, Jee BK, Chae SW, Jeon YW, Lee KH and Rha HK: HOX gene analysis of endothelial cell differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Biol Rep. 36:227–235. 2009.

57 

Zhang X, Sessa WC and Fernández-Hernando C: Endothelial transcytosis of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 5:1302018.

58 

Gimbrone MA Jr and García-Cardeña G: Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 118:620–636. 2016.

59 

Long X, You G, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Yu F, Deng S, Mo R, Song F, Huang J and Tian M: HomeoboxC6 affects the apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells and is involved in atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol. 236:1913–1925. 2021.

60 

Zhang X, Liu X and Liu L: The influence of HOXB2 anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides on the proliferation and expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 17:348–350. 2001.In Chinese.

61 

Campbell JH and Campbell GR: Smooth muscle phenotypic modulation-a pesonal experience. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 32:1784–1789. 2012.

62 

Basatemur GL, Jørgensen HF, Clarke MCH, Bennett MR and Mallat Z: Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 16:727–744. 2019.

63 

Bennett MR, Sinha S and Owens GK: Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 118:692–702. 2016.

64 

Long X, You G, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Yu F, Xiao Y, Deng S, Song F, Huang J and Tian M: Abnormal expression of homeobox c6 in the atherosclerotic aorta and its effect on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 52:935–943. 2020.

65 

Gibbons GH and Dzau VJ: The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl J Med. 330:1431–1438. 1994.

66 

Kimura M, Horie T, Baba O, Ide Y, Tsuji S, Ruiz Rodriguez R, Watanabe T, Yamasaki T, Otani C, Xu S, et al: Homeobox A4 suppresses vascular remodeling by repressing YAP/TEAD transcriptional activity. EMBO Rep. 21:e483892020.

67 

Yu T, Wang T, Kuang S, Zhao G, Zhou K and Zhang H: A microRNA-17-5p/homeobox B13 axis participates in the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep. 24:7312021.

68 

Koelwyn GJ, Corr EM, Erbay E and Moore KJ: Regulation of macrophage immunometabolism in atherosclerosis. Nat Immune. 19:526–537. 2018.

69 

Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Colin S and Staels B: Macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 12:10–17. 2015.

70 

Xu R, Li C, Wu Y, Shen L, Ma J, Qian J and Ge J: Role of KCa3.1 channels in macrophage polarization and its relevance in atherosclerotic plaque instability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 37:226–236. 2017.

71 

Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, Taghadosi M, Esmaeili SA, Mardani F, Seifi B, Mohammadi A, Afshari JT and Sahebkar A: Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol. 233:6425–6440. 2018.

72 

Tabas I and Bornfeldt KE: Macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 118:653–667. 2016.

73 

Hyam SR, Lee IA, Gu W, Kim KA, Jeong JJ, Jang SE, Han MJ and Kim DH: Arctigenin ameliorates inflammation in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway and polarizing M1 macrophages to M2-like macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol. 708:21–29. 2013.

74 

Devaraj S and Jialal I: C-reactive protein polarizes human macrophages to an M1 phenotype and inhibits transformation to the M2 phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31:1397–1402. 2011.

75 

Cao W, Zhang T, Feng R, Xia T, Huang H, Liu C and Sun C: Hoxa5 alleviates obesity-induced chronic inflammation by reducing ER stress and promoting M2 macrophage polarization in mouse adipose tissue. J Cell Mol Med. 23:7029–7042. 2019.

76 

Jing Y, Gao B, Han Z and Xin S: HOXA5 induces M2 macrophage polarization to attenuate carotid atherosclerosis by activating MED1. IUBMB Life. 73:1142–1152. 2021.

77 

Roux M and Zaffran S: Hox genes in cardiovascular development and diseases. J Dev Biol. 4:142016.

78 

Nguyen NUN, Canseco DC, Xiao F, Nakada Y, Li S, Lam NT, Muralidhar SA, Savla JJ, Hill JA, Le V, et al: A calcineurin-Hoxb13 axis regulates growth mode of mammalian cardiomyocytes. Nature. 582:271–276. 2020.

79 

Miano JM, Firulli AB, Olson EN, Hara P, Giachelli CM and Schwartz SM: Restricted expression of homeobox genes distinguishes fetal from adult human smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:900–905. 1996.

80 

Gorski DH and Walsh K: The role of homeobox genes in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. Circ Res. 87:865–872. 2000.

81 

Klein D, Benchellal M, Kleff V, Jakob HG and Ergün S: Hox genes are involved in vascular wall-resident multipotent stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep. 3:21782013.

82 

Wu Y, Moser M, Bautch VL and Patterson C: HoxB5 is an upstream transcriptional switch for differentiation of the vascular endothelium from precursor cells. Mol Cell Biol. 23:5680–5691. 2003.

83 

Mace KA, Restivo TE, Rinn JL, Paquet AC, Chang HY, Young DM and Boudreau NJ: HOXA3 modulates injury-induced mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells. Stem Cells. 27:1654–1665. 2009.

84 

Chojnowski JL, Trau HA, Masuda K and Manley NR: Temporal and spatial requirements for Hoxa3 in mouse embryonic development. Dev Biol. 415:33–45. 2016.

85 

Zhang X, Liu G, Ding L, Jiang T, Shao S, Gao Y and Lu Y: HOXA3 promotes tumor growth of human colon cancer through activating EGFR/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem. 119:2864–2874. 2018.

86 

Li Z, Xu H, Liu X, Hong Y, Lou H, Liu H, Bai X, Wang L, Li X, Monayo SM, et al: GDF11 inhibits cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and exerts cardioprotection in acute myocardial infarction mice by upregulation of transcription factor HOXA3. Cell Death Dis. 11:9172020.

87 

Li T, Qian D, Guoyan J and Lei Z: Downregulated long noncoding RNA LUCAT1 inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of cardiomyocyte via miR-612/HOXA13 pathway in chronic heart failure. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 24:385–395. 2020.

88 

Aonuma T, Moukette B, Kawaguchi S, Barupala NP, Sepúlveda MN, Frick K, Tang Y, Guglin M, Raman SV, Cai C, et al: MiR-150 attenuates maladaptive cardiac remodeling mediated by long noncoding RNA MIAT and directly represses profibrotic Hoxa4. Circ Heart Fail. 15:e0086862022.

89 

Zhou G, Li C, Feng J, Zhang J and Fang Y: lncRNA UCA1 Is a novel regulator in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through targeting the miR-184/HOXA9 axis. Cardiorenal Med. 8:130–139. 2018.

90 

Wen ZQ, Li SH, Shui X, Tang LL, Zheng JR and Chen L: LncRNA PEG10 aggravates cardiac hypertrophy through regulating HOXA9. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23(3 Suppl): S281–S286. 2019.

91 

Cao X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Shan W, Wang R, Mao S, Ding S, Pang C, Li B, Zhou J, et al: MiR-27a-3p/Hoxa10 axis regulates angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting Kv4.3 expression. Front Pharmacol. 12:6803492021.

92 

Zhang Y, Da Q, Cao S, Yan K, Shi Z, Miao Q, Li C, Hu L, Sun S, Wu W, et al: HINT1 (histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1) attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via suppressing HOXA5 (homeobox A5) expression. Circulation. 144:638–654. 2021.

93 

Fantini S, Salsi V and Zappavigna V: HOX cluster-embedded micro-RNAs and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1869:230–247. 2018.

94 

Botti G, De Chiara A, Di Bonito M, Cerrone M, Malzone MG, Collina F and Cantile M: Noncoding RNAs within the HOX gene network in tumor pathogenesis and progression. J Cell Physiol. 234:395–413. 2018.

95 

Wang Y, Dang Y, Liu J and Ouyang X: The function of homeobox genes and lncRNAs in cancer. Oncol Lett. 12:1635–1641. 2016.

96 

De Kumar B and Krumlauf R: HOXs and lincRNAs: Two sides of the same coin. Sci Adv. 2:e15014022016.

97 

Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, Goodnough LH, Helms JA, Farnham PJ, Segal E and Chang HY: Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell. 129:1311–1323. 2007.

98 

Sessa L, Breiling A, Lavorgna G, Silvestri L, Casari G and Orlando V: Noncoding RNA synthesis and loss of polycomb group repression accompanies the colinear activation of the human HOXA cluster. RNA. 13:223–239. 2007.

99 

Wang H, Huo X, Yang XR, He J, Cheng L, Wang N, Deng X, Jin H, Wang N, Wang C, et al: STAT3-mediated upregulation of lncRNA HOXD-AS1 as a ceRNA facilitates liver cancer metastasis by regulating SOX4. Mol Cancer. 16:1362017.

100 

Pang JL, Wang JW, Hu PY, Jiang JS and Yu C: HOTAIR alleviates ox-LDL-induced inflammatory response in Raw264.7 cells via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:6991–6998. 2018.

101 

Liu J, Huang GQ and Ke ZP: Silence of long intergenic noncoding RNA HOTAIR ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation response in ox-LDL-treated human macrophages by upregulating miR-330-5p. J Cell Physiol. 234:5134–5142. 2019.

102 

Wu K, Liu F, Wu W, Chen Y, Wu H and Zhang W: Long non-coding RNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) suppresses the angiogenesis of human placentation by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A expression. Reprod Fertil Dev. 31:377–385. 2019.

103 

Peng Y, Meng K, Jiang L, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Lan Y, Zeng Q and Cheng L: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced HOTAIR activation promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration in atherosclerosis. Biosci Rep. 37:BSR201703512017.

104 

Xue H, Wang B and Xue YS: LncRNA HOTAIR regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through targeting miRNA-130b-3p/PPARα axis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23:10989–10995. 2019.

105 

Tan L, Xu Q, Wang Q, Shi R and Zhang G: Identification of key genes and pathways affected in epicardial adipose tissue from patients with coronary artery disease by integrated bioinformatics analysis. PeerJ. 8:e87632020.

106 

Liang J, Cao Y, He M, Li W, Huang G, Ma T, Li M, Huang Y, Huang X and Hu Y: AKR1C3 and its transcription factor HOXB4 are promising diagnostic biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 8:6942382021.

107 

Qiu X, Lin J, Chen Y, Liang B and Li L: Identification of Hub genes associated with abnormal endothelial function in early coronary atherosclerosis. Biochem Genet. 60:1189–1204. 2022.

108 

Golpon HA, Geraci MW, Moore MD, Miller HL, Miller GJ, Tuder RM and Voelkel NF: HOX genes in human lung: Altered expression in primary pulmonary hypertension and emphysema. Am J Pathol. 158:955–966. 2001.

109 

Tehrani Z and Lin S: Antagonistic interactions of hedgehog, Bmp and retinoic acid signals control zebrafish endocrine pancreas development. Development. 138:631–640. 2011.

110 

Shi Y: Generation of functional insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Methods Mol Biol. 636:79–85. 2010.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhou Y, Wu Q and Guo Y: Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review). Int J Mol Med 53: 17, 2024.
APA
Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., & Guo, Y. (2024). Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 53, 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5341
MLA
Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., Guo, Y."Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 53.2 (2024): 17.
Chicago
Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., Guo, Y."Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 53, no. 2 (2024): 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5341
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhou Y, Wu Q and Guo Y: Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review). Int J Mol Med 53: 17, 2024.
APA
Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., & Guo, Y. (2024). Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 53, 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5341
MLA
Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., Guo, Y."Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 53.2 (2024): 17.
Chicago
Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., Guo, Y."Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 53, no. 2 (2024): 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5341
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team