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![BaP can aggravate OVA-induced
epithelial tight junction disruption in asthmatic mice. (A) Sample
images of lung tissue stained with H&E from each group. Scale
bar, 50 μm, magnification, ×200, (n=6). (B) OVA-specific IgE
serum levels were evaluated by ELISA (n=6). (C) The expression
levels of occludin and ZO-1 were assessed using western blotting
(n=3). (D) Sample images of lung tissue stained with
immunofluorescence staining from each group. Scale bar, 25
μm (n=3). All data are presented as mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. control group;
^P<0.05, ^^P<0.01 vs. the OVA group.
BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; OVA, ovalbumin; IgE, immunoglobulin E; ZO-1,
zonula occludens-1; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g00.jpg)
![BaP can induce disruption of the
tight junction of airway epithelial cells. (A) Western blot
analysis of occludin and ZO-1 levels stimulated with different
concentrations of BaP for 48 h in 16HBE cells (n=3). (B)
Representative immunofluorescence staining images of occludin and
ZO-1 in the 16HBE cells. Scale bar, 25 μm (n=3). All data
are presented as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 vs. the control
group. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; NLRP3,
NOD-like receptor protein 3.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g01.jpg)
![BaP induces NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway
activation in lung tissue of asthmatic mice. (A) Representative
immunofluorescence staining image for NLRP3 and ASC in mice lung
tissue of each group. Scale bar, 25 μm. (B) Analysis of
NLRP3 and ASC protein levels in mouse lung tissue using western
blotting for each group (n=3). (C) Analysis of caspase-1, IL-18 and
IL-1β levels in mouse lung tissue using western blotting for each
group (n=3). All data are presented as mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the Control
group; ^P<0.05, ^^P<0.01 vs. the OVA
group. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3;
ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; IL,
interleukin; OVA, ovalbumin.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g02.jpg)
![BaP activates the NLRP3/caspase-1
pathway in airway epithelial cells. (A) Representative
immunofluorescence staining image for NLRP3 and ASC in 16HBE cells.
Scale bar, 25 μm. (B) Western blot analysis of the protein
levels of NLRP3 and ASC in 16HBE cells (n=3). (C) Western blot
analysis of the protein levels of caspase-1, IL-18 and IL-1β in
16HBE cells (n=3). All data are presented as mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the control
group. BaP, benzo[a] pyrene; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3;
ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; IL,
interleukin; NAC, N-acetylcysteine](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g03.jpg)
![BaP-induced ROS generation mediates
NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathways in asthmatic mice. (A) ROS level
in mice lung tissue was determined via the ROS staining method in
frozen lung tissue sections and observed with a fluorescence
microscope. Scale bar, 200 μm (n=3). (B and C) Western blot
analysis of the protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-18 and
IL-1β in mice lung tissue of each group (n=3). (D)
Immunofluorescence staining images revealing NLRP3 and ASC in the
lung tissues of mice across different groups. Scale bar, 25
μm (n=3). All data are presented as mean ± SD.
**P<0.01 vs. the control group;
^P<0.05, ^^P<0.01 vs. the OVA + BaP
group. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NLRP3,
NOD-like receptor protein 3; IL, interleukin; NAC,
N-acetylcysteine; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein
containing a CARD; IL, interleukin; OVA, ovalbumin.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g04.jpg)
![BaP-induced ROS generation mediates
NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathways in airway epithelial cells. (A)
ROS level in 16HBE cells was determined and observed with a
fluorescence microscope. Scale bar, 25 μm (n=3). (B)
Immunofluorescence staining images demonstrating NLRP3 and ASC in
16HBE cells. Scale bar, 25 μm (n=3). (C) Western blot
analysis of the protein levels of NLRP3 and ASC in 16HBE cells of
each group (n=3). (D) Western blot analysis of the protein levels
of caspase-1, IL-18 and IL-1β in 16HBE cells (n=3). All data are
presented as mean ± SD. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 vs. the control group;
^P<0.05, ^^P<0.01 vs. the OVA + BaP
group. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NLRP3,
NOD-like receptor protein 3; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like
protein containing a CARD; IL, interleukin; NAC, N-acetylcysteine;
IL, interleukin; OVA, ovalbumin..](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g05.jpg)
![BaP induces asthma epithelial tight
junction disruption by increasing ROS generation. (A)
Representative immunofluorescence staining image for occludin and
ZO-1 in mice lung tissue of each group. Scale bar, 25 μm
(n=3). (B) Western blot analysis of the protein levels of occludin
and ZO-1 in mice lung tissue of each group (n=3). (C)
Representative immunofluorescence staining image for occludin and
ZO-1 in 16HBE cells. Scale bar, 25 μm (n=3). (D) Western
blot analysis of the protein levels of occludin and ZO-1 in 16HBE
cells (n=3). All data are presented as mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the control
group; ^P<0.05, ^^P<0.01 vs. the BaP or
OVA + BaP group. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; ROS, reactive oxygen species;
ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; OVA,
ovalbumin.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g06.jpg)
![BaP disrupts airway epithelial tight
junctions through ROS-driven-NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway. (A)
Representative immunofluorescence staining image for NLRP3 and ASC
in 16HBE cells. Scale bar, 25 μm (n=3). (B) Western blot
analysis of the protein levels of NLRP3 in 16HBE cells (n=3). (C)
Representative immunofluorescence staining image for occludin and
ZO-1 in 16HBE cells. Scale bar, 25 μm (n=3). (D) Western
blot analysis of the protein levels of occludin and ZO-1 in 16HBE
cells (n=3). All data are presented as mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the control
group; ^P<0.05, ^^P<0.01 vs. the BaP
group. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NLRP3,
NOD-like receptor protein 3; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like
protein containing a CARD; IL, interleukin; NAC,
N-acetylcysteine.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g07.jpg)
![BaP aggravated OVA-induced epithelial
tight junction disruption via ROS-driven NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling
pathway in asthmatic mice. BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; OVA, ovalbumin;
ROS, reactive oxygen species; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3;
ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; IL,
interleukin; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1.](/article_images/ijmm/56/3/ijmm-56-03-05573-g08.jpg)
