Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
October-2025 Volume 56 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2025 Volume 56 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Siqing Yue
    • Siyu Chen
    • Yu Zhang
    • Bangjie Chen
    • Tao Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China, Second Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 144
    |
    Published online on: July 14, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5584
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The substantial rise in global plastic production has led to the widespread accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in the soil, water and atmosphere. Inevitably, animals and humans have ingested these MPs through environmental contact, resulting in their accumulation within the liver. The elucidation of the hepatotoxic effects of MPs in animals, and in particular on human liver pathophysiology, is now a central topic of investigation in the study of environmental particulate toxicology. The present review summarised existing studies on how MPs damage the liver, and in particular, highlighted the mechanisms of action and the key influencing factors. There is evidence that indicates that MPs can damage the liver tissue structure, induce liver cell death and disrupt lipid metabolism, and that particle size and exposure time are important factors influencing the adverse effects of MPs on the liver. However, further research is required to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms by which MPs induce liver injury and the long‑term health risks they pose.
View Figures

Figure 1

MPs in aquatic systems are ingested
by zooplankton and benthic organisms, ascend in food chains through
trophic transfer and eventually reach terrestrial species via
ecological connectivity. MPs, microplastics.

Figure 2

Following hepatic accumulation via
ingestion or inhalation, MPs activate the monocyte-macrophage
system and T/B lymphocytes, triggering aberrant proinflammatory
cytokine release that induces hepatocellular necrotic
transformation, lipid vacuolization and hepatic vein vascular
injury, accompanied by nuclear atypia, suppressed mst1/ncf2/nox2
gene expression and pathological collagen fiber deposition in
hepatic connective tissue. MPs, microplastics; mst1, macrophage
stimulating 1; ncf2, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2; nox2, NADPH
oxidase 2.

Figure 3

MPs exposure triggers compensatory
activation of GPx/CAT antioxidant enzymes through ROS accumulation,
simultaneously induces MDA-mediated suppression of GSH synthesis
and activates the PPAR-α signaling axis to promote transcriptional
cascades of ACOX1, CPT1A, ANGPTL4 and PCK, ultimately leading to
hepatic lipid metabolism dysregulation. MPs, microplastics; ROS,
reactive oxygen species; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; CAT,
catalase; MDA, malondialdehyde; GSH, glutathione; PPAR-α,
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; ACOX1, acyl-coA
oxidase 1; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; ANGPTL4,
angiopoietin-like 4; PCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

Figure 4

MPs are internalized into hepatocytes
via endocytosis and induce acute hepatotoxicity through three
mechanisms: Activation of the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic
pathway via enhanced caspase-9 activity and reduced Bcl-2 levels,
inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase activity resulting in
decreased ATP production and suppression of lysosomal phagocytosis
accompanied by reduced levels of tissue proteases, glycosidases and
lipases. MPs, microplastics; caspase-9, cysteinyl
aspartate-specific protease 9; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; ATP,
adenosine triphosphate.

Figure 5

MPs activate MAP2K6 to trigger the
p38 MAPK phosphorylation cascade (MAP2K6-p38-MSK1/2-CREB), thereby
suppressing the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes in
hepatocytes and inducing hepatic inflammatory factor secretion.
Additionally, MPs mediate the dissociation of the Nrf2-Keap1
complex and its nuclear translocation-ARE binding cascade, thereby
upregulating the transcriptional expression of antioxidant and
detoxification proteins. MPs, microplastics; MAP2K6, MAPK kinase 6;
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MSK1/2, mitogen- and
stress-activated protein kinase 1 and 2; CREB, cAMP response
element-binding protein; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related
factor 2; Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; ARE,
antioxidant response element.
View References

1 

Tang B, Zhang L, Salam M, Yang B, He Q, Yang Y and Li H: Revealing the environmental hazard posed by biodegradable microplastics in aquatic ecosystems: An investigation of polylactic acid's effects on microcystis aeruginosa. Environ Pollut. 344:1233472024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Hirt N and Body-Malapel M: Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: A review of the literature. Part Fibre Toxicol. 17:572020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D and Russell AE: Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? Science. 304:8382004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Zhang N, Li YB, He HR, Zhang JF and Ma GS: You are what you eat: Microplastics in the feces of young men living in beijing. Sci Total Environ. 767:1443452021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E and Svendsen C: Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ. 586:127–141. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ren Z, Gui X, Xu X, Zhao L, Qiu H and Cao X: Microplastics in the soil-groundwater environment: aging, migration, and co-transport of contaminants - A critical review. J Hazard Mater. 419:1264552021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Cózar A, Echevarría F, González-Gordillo JI, Irigoien X, Ubeda B, Hernández-León S, Palma AT, Navarro S, García-de-Lomas J, Ruiz A, et al: Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:10239–10244. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Zhang Y, Kang S, Allen S, Allen D, Gao T and Sillanpää M: Atmospheric microplastics: A review on current status and perspectives. Earth-Sci Rev. 203:1031182020. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Navarro A, Luzardo OP, Gómez M, Acosta-Dacal A, Martínez I, Felipe de la Rosa J, Macías-Montes A, Suárez-Pérez A and Herrera A: Microplastics ingestion and chemical pollutants in seabirds of gran canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Mar Pollut Bull. 186:1144342023. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Sambolino A, Iniguez E, Herrera I, Kaufmann M, Dinis A and Cordeiro N: Microplastic ingestion and plastic additive detection in pelagic squid and fish: Implications for bioindicators and plastic tracers in open oceanic food webs. Sci Total Environ. 894:1649522023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Hollerova A, Hodkovicova N, Blahova J, Faldyna M, Franc A, Pavlokova S, Tichy F, Postulkova E, Mares J, Medkova D, et al: Polystyrene microparticles can affect the health status of freshwater fish - threat of oral microplastics intake. Sci Total Environ. 858(Pt 3): 1599762023. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Kim L, Cui R, Kwak JI and An YJ: Sub-acute exposure to nanoplastics via two-chain trophic transfer: From brine shrimp artemia franciscana to small yellow croaker larimichthys polyactis. Mar Pollut Bull. 175:1133142022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Da Costa Araújo AP and Malafaia G: Microplastic ingestion induces behavioral disorders in mice: A preliminary study on the trophic transfer effects via tadpoles and fish. J Hazard Mater. 401:1232632021. View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger T and Liebmann B: Detection of various microplastics in human stool: A prospective case series. Ann Intern Med. 171:453–457. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kernchen S, Schmalz H, Löder MGJ, Georgi C, Einhorn A, Greiner A, Nölscher AC, Laforsch C and Held A: Atmospheric deposition studies of microplastics in central germany. Air Qual. Atmosphere Health. 17:2247–2261. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Kosuth M, Mason SA and Wattenberg EV: Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PLoS One. 13:e01949702018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Das BC, Ramanan P A, Gorakh SS, Pillai D and Vattiringal Jayadradhan RK: Sub-chronic exposure of oreochromis niloticus to environmentally relevant concentrations of smaller microplastics: Accumulation and toxico-physiological responses. J Hazard Mater. 458:1319162023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Bobori DC, Dimitriadi A, Feidantsis K, Samiotaki A, Fafouti D, Sampsonidis I, Kalogiannis S, Kastrinaki G, Lambropoulou DA, Kyzas GZ, et al: Differentiation in the expression of toxic effects of polyethylene-microplastics on two freshwater fish species: Size matters. Sci Total Environ. 830:1546032022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ding Y, Zhang R, Li B, Du Y, Li J, Tong X, Wu Y, Ji X and Zhang Y: Tissue Distribution of polystyrene nanoplastics in mice and their entry, transport, and cytotoxicity to GES-1 cells. Environ Pollut. 280:1169742021. View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Rotchell JM, Jenner LC, Chapman E, Bennett RT, Bolanle IO, Loubani M, Sadofsky L and Palmer TM: Detection of microplastics in human saphenous vein tissue using µFTIR: A pilot study. PLoS One. 18:e02805942023. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Zarus GM, Muianga C, Brenner S, Stallings K, Casillas G, Pohl HR, Mumtaz MM and Gehle K: Worker studies suggest unique liver carcinogenicity potential of polyvinyl chloride microplastics. Am J Ind Med. 66:1033–1047. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Horvatits T, Tamminga M, Liu B, Sebode M, Carambia A, Fischer L, Püschel K, Huber S and Fischer EK: Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue. eBioMedicine. 82:1041472022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hu JM, Zuo JE, Li JB, Zhang YY, Ai X, Gong DH, Zhang JW and Sun DM: Effects of microplastic exposure on crucian growth, liver damage, and gut microbiome composition. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 43:3664–3671. 2022.In Chinese. PubMed/NCBI

24 

Iheanacho SC and Odo GE: Dietary exposure to polyvinyl chloride microparticles induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Environ Sci Pollut Res. 27:21159–21173. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Yao FC, Gu Y, Jiang T, Wang PF, Song FB, Zhou Z, Sun JL and Luo J: The involvement of oxidative stress mediated endoplasmic reticulum pathway in apoptosis of golden pompano (Trachinotus Blochii) liver under PS-MPs stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 249:1144402023. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Yin K, Wang D, Zhang Y, Lu H, Hou L, Guo T, Zhao H and Xing M: Polystyrene Microplastics promote liver inflammation by inducing the formation of macrophages extracellular traps. J Hazard Mater. 452:1312362023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Liu S, Wang Z, Xiang Q, Wu B, Lv W and Xu S: A Comparative study in healthy and diabetic mice followed the exposure of polystyrene microplastics: Differential lipid metabolism and inflammation reaction. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 244:1140312022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Fu J, Zhang L, Xiang K, Zhang Y, Wang G and Chen L: Microplastic-contaminated antibiotics as an emerging threat to mammalian liver: Enhanced oxidative and inflammatory damages. Biomater Sci. 11:4298–4307. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Mu Y, Sun J, Li Z, Zhang W, Liu Z, Li C, Peng C, Cui G, Shao H and Du Z: Activation of pyroptosis and ferroptosis is involved in the hepatotoxicity induced by polystyrene microplastics in mice. Chemosphere. 291(Pt 2): 1329442022. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Wang Q, Wu Y, Zhang W, Shen T, Li H, Wu J, Zhang L, Qin L, Chen R, Gu W, et al: Lipidomics and transcriptomics insight into impacts of microplastics exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Chemosphere. 308(Pt 3): 1365912022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J and Li H: Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 152:116–141. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

World Health Organization (WHO): Global hepatitis report 2024: Action for access in low- and middle-income countries. WHO; Geneva: 2024

33 

Xia C, Xu Y, Li H, He S and Chen W: Benefits and harms of polygenic risk scores in organised cancer screening programmes: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 44:1010122024.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Charlton M, Tonnu-Mihara I, Teng CC, Zhou Z, Asefaha F, Luthra R, Articolo A, Hoovler A and Uzoigwe C: Evaluating the burden of illness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in a large managed care population: The ETHEREAL Study. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 30:1414–1430. 2024.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Choi JH and Kim JH: Toxic effects of sub-acute microplastic (Polyamide) exposure on the accumulation, hematological, and antioxidant responses in crucian carp, carassius carassius. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 102:1041992023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zou H, Qu H, Bian Y, Sun J, Wang T, Ma Y, Yuan Y, Gu J, Bian J and Liu Z: Polystyrene microplastics induce oxidative stress in mouse hepatocytes in relation to their size. Int J Mol Sci. 24:73822023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Alibardi L: Regeneration among animals: An evolutionary hypothesis related to aquatic versus terrestrial environment. Dev. Biol. 501:74–80. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Wang W, Gao H, Jin S, Li R and Na G: The ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on aquatic food web, from primary producer to human: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 173:110–117. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Yagi M, Ono Y and Kawaguchi T: Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments may facilitate misfeeding by fish. Environ Pollut. 315:1204572022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Geng X, Wang J, Zhang Y and Jiang Y: How do microplastics affect the marine microbial loop? Predation of microplastics by microzooplankton. Sci Total Environ. 758:1440302021. View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Wang T, Tong C, Wu F, Jiang S and Zhang S: Distribution characteristics of microplastics and corresponding feeding habits of the dominant shrimps in the rivers of chongming Island. Sci Total Environ. 888:1640412023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Timilsina A, Adhikari K, Yadav AK, Joshi P, Ramena G and Bohara K: Effects of microplastics and nanoplastics in shrimp: Mechanisms of plastic particle and contaminant distribution and subsequent effects after uptake. Sci Total Environ. 894:1649992023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Da Costa Araújo AP, de Melo NFS, de Oliveira Junior AG, Rodrigues FP, Fernandes T, de Andrade Vieira JE, Rocha TL and Malafaia G: How much are microplastics harmful to the health of amphibians? A study with pristine polyethylene microplastics and physalaemus cuvieri. J Hazard Mater. 382:1210662020. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Meng X, Yip Y and Valiyaveettil S: Understanding the aggregation, consumption, distribution and accumulation of nanoparticles of polyvinyl chloride and polymethyl methacrylate in ruditapes philippinarum. Sci Total Environ. 871:1619552023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Helmberger MS, Miesel JR, Tiemann LK and Grieshop MJ: Soil invertebrates generate microplastics from polystyrene foam debris. J Insect Sci. 22:212022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

De Souza SS, Freitas ÍN, Gonçalves SO, Luz TMD, Araújo APDC, Rajagopal R, Balasubramani G, Rahman MM and Malafaia G: Toxicity induced via ingestion of naturally-aged polystyrene microplastics by a small-sized terrestrial bird and its potential role as vectors for the dispersion of these pollutants. J Hazard Mater. 434:1288142022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Sucharitakul P, Wu WM, Zhang Y, Peng BY, Gao J, Wang L and Hou D: Exposure pathways and toxicity of microplastics in terrestrial insects. Environ Sci Technol. 58:11887–11900. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Tan YR, Shen SY, Shen HQ, Yi PF, Fu BD and Peng LY: The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in regulation of intestinal barrier and inflammatory bowel disease. Exp Cell Res. 424:1134722023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Peterson L and Artis D: Intestinal epithelial cells: Regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol. 14:141–153. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Vagner M, Boudry G, Courcot L, Vincent D, Dehaut A, Duflos G, Huvet A, Tallec K and Zambonino-Infante JL: Experimental evidence that polystyrene nanoplastics cross the intestinal barrier of european seabass. Environ. Int. 166:1073402022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Gao Q, Wang Y, Ji Y, Zhao X, Zhang P and Chen L: Tracking of realistic nanoplastics in complicated matrices by iridium element labeling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. J Hazard Mater. 424(Pt C): 1276282022. View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Tsou TY, Lee SH, Kuo TH, Chien CC, Chen HC and Cheng TJ: Distribution and toxicity of submicron plastic particles in mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 97:1040382023. View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Yang X, Jiang J, Wang Q, Duan J, Chen N, Wu D and Xia Y: Gender difference in hepatic AMPK pathway activated lipid metabolism induced by aged polystyrene microplastics exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 245:1141052022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Deng Y, Chen H, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Ren H, Fang M, Wang Q, Chen W, Hale RC, Galloway TS and Chen D: Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant doses of large polystyrene microplastics disturbs lipid homeostasis via bowel function interference. Environ Sci Technol. 56:15805–15817. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Brandts I, Cánovas M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Llorca M, Vega AS, Farré M, Pastor J, Roher N and Teles M: Nanoplastics are bioaccumulated in fish liver and muscle and cause DNA damage after a chronic exposure. Environ Res. 212(Pt A): 1134332022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Choi YJ, Park JW, Lim Y, Seo S and Hwang DY: In vivo impact assessment of orally administered polystyrene nanoplastics: Biodistribution, toxicity, and inflammatory response in mice. Nanotoxicology. 15:1180–1198. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Yu YB, Choi JH, Choi CY, Kang JC and Kim JH: Toxic effects of microplastic (polyethylene) exposure: Bioaccumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in crucian carp, carassius carassius. Chemosphere. 332:1388012023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Goodman KE, Hua T and Sang QA: Effects of polystyrene microplastics on human kidney and liver cell morphology, cellular proliferation, and metabolism. ACS Omega. 7:34136–34153. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Li Y, Li Y, Li J, Song Z, Zhang C and Guan B: Toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to human embryonic kidney cells and human normal liver cells: Effect of particle size and Pb2+ enrichment. Chemosphere. 328:1385452023. View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Florance I, Chandrasekaran N, Gopinath PM and Mukherjee A: Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics impairs lipid metabolism in human and murine macrophages in vitro. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 238:1136122022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Prietl B, Meindl C, Roblegg E, Pieber TR, Lanzer G and Fröhlich E: Nano-sized and micro-sized polystyrene particles affect phagocyte function. Cell Biol Toxicol. 30:1–16. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Banerjee A, Billey LO, McGarvey AM and Shelver WL: Effects of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics on liver cells based on particle size, surface functionalization, concentration and exposure period. Sci Total Environ. 836:1556212022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

He Y, Li J, Chen J, Miao X, Li G, He Q, Xu H, Li H and Wei Y: Cytotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics with different surface functionalization on human HepG2 cells. Sci Total Environ. 723:1381802020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Liu X, Liang C, Zhou M, Chang Z and Li L: Exposure of cyprinus carpio var. larvae to PVC microplastics reveals significant immunological alterations and irreversible histological organ damage. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 249:1143772023. View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Zheng H, Wang J, Wei X, Chang L and Liu S: Proinflammatory properties and lipid disturbance of polystyrene microplastics in the livers of mice with acute colitis. Sci Total Environ. 750:1430852021. View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Hodkovicova N, Hollerova A, Caloudova H, Blahova J, Franc A, Garajova M, Lenz J, Tichy F, Faldyna M, Kulich P, et al: Do food-borne polyethylene microparticles affect the health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)? Sci Total Environ. 793:1484902021. View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Zhang Y, Yuan J and Mao T: Impact of microplastics exposure on liver health: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 288:1100802025. View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Kwong S, Meyerson C, Zheng W, Kassardjian A, Stanzione N, Zhang K and Wang HL: Acute hepatitis and acute liver failure: Pathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Semin Diagn Pathol. 36:404–414. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Fortea JI, Puente Á, Cuadrado A, Huelin P, Pellón R, González Sánchez FJ, Mayorga M, Cagigal ML, García Carrera I, Cobreros M, et al: Congestive hepatopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 21:94202020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Sepehrinezhad A, Zarifkar A, Namvar G, Shahbazi A and Williams R: Astrocyte swelling in hepatic encephalopathy: Molecular perspective of cytotoxic edema. Metab Brain Dis. 35:559–578. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Ten Hove M, Pater L, Storm G, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R, Lammers T and Bansal R: The hepatic lipidome: From basic science to clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 159:180–197. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Araújo APDC, Gomes AR and Malafaia G: Hepatotoxicity of pristine polyethylene microplastics in neotropical physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles (Fitzinger, 1826). J Hazard Mater. 386:1219922020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Hamed M, Soliman HAM, Badrey AEA and Osman AGM: Microplastics induced histopathological lesions in some tissues of tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) early juveniles. Tissue Cell. 71:1015122021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Liu M, Mu J, Wang M, Hu C, Ji J, Wen C and Zhang D: Impacts of polypropylene microplastics on lipid profiles of mouse liver uncovered by lipidomics analysis and raman spectroscopy. J Hazard Mater. 458:1319182023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Zhang X, Wen K, Ding D, Liu J, Lei Z, Chen X, Ye G, Zhang J, Shen H, Yan C, et al: Size-dependent adverse effects of microplastics on intestinal microbiota and metabolic homeostasis in the marine medaka (Oryzias Melastigma). Environ Int. 151:1064522021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Sayed AEH, Hana MN, Hamed M, Abdel-Latif HMR, Lee JS and Soliman HAM: Protective efficacy of dietary natural antioxidants on microplastic particles-induced histopathological lesions in African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 30:24424–24440. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar :

77 

Liu Y, Jia X, Zhu H, Zhang Q, He Y, Shen Y, Xu X and Li J: The effects of exposure to microplastics on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) at the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic levels. Chemosphere. 286(Pt 3): 1318312022. View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Xia X, Sun M, Zhou M, Chang Z and Li L: Polyvinyl chloride microplastics induce growth inhibition and oxidative stress in cyprinus carpio var larvae. Sci Total Environ. 716:1364792020. View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Schieber M and Chandel NS: ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Biol. 24:R453–R462. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Allameh A, Niayesh-Mehr R, Aliarab A, Sebastiani G and Pantopoulos K: Oxidative stress in liver pathophysiology and disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 12:16532023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Lai W, Xu D, Li J, Wang Z, Ding Y, Wang X, Li X, Xu N, Mai K and Ai Q: Dietary polystyrene nanoplastics exposure alters liver lipid metabolism and muscle nutritional quality in carnivorous marine fish large yellow croaker (Larimichthys Crocea). J Hazard Mater. 419:1264542021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Banaei M, Forouzanfar M and Jafarinia M: Toxic effects of polyethylene microplastics on transcriptional changes, biochemical response, and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 261:1094232022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Ighodaro OM and Akinloye OA: First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alex J Med. 54:287–293. 2018.

84 

Gaweł S, Wardas M, Niedworok E and Wardas P: Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiad Lek. 57:453–455. 2004.In Polish.

85 

Samal RR, Navani HS, Saha S, Kisan B and Subudhi U: Evidence of microplastics release from polythene and paper cups exposed to hot and cold: A case study on the compromised kinetics of catalase. J Hazard Mater. 454:1314962023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Solomando A, Capó X, Alomar C, Compa M, Valencia JM, Sureda A and Deudero S: Assessment of the effect of long-term exposure to microplastics and depuration period in sparus aurata linnaeus, 1758: Liver and blood biomarkers. Sci Total Environ. 786:1474792021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Megha KB, Joseph X, Akhil V and Mohanan PV: Cascade of Immune Mechanism and Consequences of Inflammatory Disorders. Phytomedicine. 91:1537122021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Banerjee P, Gaddam N, Chandler V and Chakraborty S: Oxidative stress-induced liver damage and remodeling of the liver vasculature. Am J Pathol. 193:1400–1414. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Ahmed O, Robinson MW and O'Farrelly C: Inflammatory processes in the liver: Divergent roles in homeostasis and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol. 18:1375–1386. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Cui J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhang Q, Xu S and Guo MY: Polystyrene microplastics induced inflammation with activating the TLR2 signal by excessive accumulation of ROS in hepatopancreas of carp (Cyprinus Carpio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 251:1145392023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

George L, Elizabeth H and George L: The Role of the Reticuloendothelial System in Natural Immunity. NeuroImmune Biology. Bertók L and Chow DA: 5. Elsevier; pp. 95–101. 2005, View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Kubes P and Jenne C: Immune responses in the liver. Annu Rev Immunol. 36:247–277. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Deng J, Zeng X, Li J, Luo L, Yang Y and Luan T: Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals heterogeneity of the patterns of responsive genes and cell communications in liver cell populations of zebrafish exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ. 889:1640822023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Elizalde-Velázquez A, Crago J, Zhao X, Green MJ and Cañas-Carrell JE: In vivo effects on the immune function of fathead minnow (Pimephales Promelas) following ingestion and intraperitoneal injection of polystyrene nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ. 735:1394612020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Cheng H, Duan Z, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Shi Y, Zhang H, Wei Y and Sun H: Immunotoxicity responses to polystyrene nanoplastics and their related mechanisms in the liver of zebrafish (Danio Rerio) larvae. Environ Int. 161:1071282022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Yoon H, Shaw JL, Haigis MC and Greka A: Lipid metabolism in sickness and in health: Emerging regulators of lipotoxicity. Mol Cell. 81:3708–3730. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Hsu SD, Huang HY, Chou CH, Sun YM, Hsu MT and Tsou AP: Integrated analyses to reconstruct microRNA-mediated regulatory networks in mouse liver using high-throughput profiling. BMC Genomics. 16(Suppl 2): S122015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Zhu C, Zhou W, Han M, Yang Y, Li Y, Jiang Q and Lv W: Dietary polystyrene nanoplastics exposure alters hepatic glycolipid metabolism, triggering inflammatory responses and apoptosis in monopterus albus. Sci Total Environ. 891:1644602023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Yin K, Wang D, Zhang Y, Lu H, Wang Y and Xing M: Dose-effect of polystyrene microplastics on digestive toxicity in chickens (Gallus Gallus): Multi-omics reveals critical role of gut-liver axis. J Adv Res. 52:3–18. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar :

100 

Long X, Zeng X, Tan F, Yi R, Pan Y, Zhou X, Mu J and Zhao X: Lactobacillus plantarum KFY04 prevents obesity in mice through the PPAR pathway and alleviates oxidative damage and inflammation. Food Funct. 11:5460–5472. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Feng S, Zeng Y, Cai Z, Wu J, Chan LL, Zhu J and Zhou J: Polystyrene microplastics alter the intestinal microbiota function and the hepatic metabolism status in marine medaka (Oryzias Melastigma). Sci Total Environ. 759:1435582021. View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Lv W, Gu H, He D, Liu Z, Yao C, Huang W, Yuan Q and Zhou W: Polystyrene nanospheres-induced hepatotoxicity in swamp eel (Monopterus Albus): From biochemical, pathological and transcriptomic perspectives. Sci Total Environ. 893:1648442023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Chwiałkowski W: Purification of the Used Palm Oil by Adsorption. PJCT. 10:19–21. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Li Y, Guo M, Niu S, Shang M, Chang X, Sun Z, Zhang R, Shen X and Xue Y: ROS and DRP1 interactions accelerate the mitochondrial injury induced by polystyrene nanoplastics in human liver HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact. 379:1105022023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Diao L, Ding M, Sun H, Xu Y, Yin R and Chen H: Micro-algal astaxanthin ameliorates polystyrene microplastics-triggered necroptosis and inflammation by mediating mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in carp's head kidney lymphocytes (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 143:1092052023. View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Bai J, Xie N, Hou Y, Chen X, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Meng X, Wang X and Tang C: The enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction by cantleyoside confines inflammatory response and promotes apoptosis of human HFLS-RA cell line via AMPK/Sirt 1/NF-κB pathway activation. Biomed Pharmacother. 149:1128472022. View Article : Google Scholar

107 

Appelqvist H, Wäster P, Kågedal K and Öllinger K: The lysosome: From waste bag to potential therapeutic target. J Mol Cell Biol. 5:214–226. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Deng J, Ibrahim MS, Tan LY, Yeo XY, Lee YA, Park SJ, Wüstefeld T, Park JW, Jung S and Cho NJ: Microplastics released from food containers can suppress lysosomal activity in mouse macrophages. J Hazard Mater. 435:1289802022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Wang H, Shi X, Gao Y, Zhang X, Zhao H, Wang L, Zhang X and Chen R: Polystyrene nanoplastics induce profound metabolic shift in human cells as revealed by integrated proteomic and metabolomic analysis. Environ. Int. 166:1073492022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Korolchuk V, Saiki S, Lichtenberg M, Siddiqi FH, Roberts EA, Imarisio S, Jahreiss L, Sarkar S, Futter M, Menzies FM, et al: Lysosomal positioning coordinates cellular nutrient responses. Nat Cell Biol. 13:453–460. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Huang J, Sun X, Wang Y, Su J, Li G, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhang G, et al: Biological interactions of polystyrene nanoplastics: Their cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects on the hepatic and enteric systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 264:1154472023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Djouina M, Waxin C, Dubuquoy L, Launay D, Vignal C and Body-Malapel M: Oral exposure to polyethylene microplastics induces inflammatory and metabolic changes and promotes fibrosis in mouse liver. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 264:1154172023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Shen R, Yang K, Cheng X, Guo C, Xing X, Sun H, Liu D, Liu X and Wang D: Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics induces liver fibrosis by activating cGAS/STING pathway. Environ Pollut. 300:1189862022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Li X, Feng L, Kuang Q, Wang X, Yang J, Niu X, Gao L, Huang L, Luo P and Li L: Microplastics cause hepatotoxicity in diabetic mice by disrupting glucolipid metabolism via PP2A/AMPK/ HNF4A and promoting fibrosis via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Environ Toxicol. 39:1018–1030. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

115 

Lu YY, Lu L, Ren HY, Hua W, Zheng N, Huang FY, Wang J, Tian M and Huang Q: The size-dependence and reversibility of polystyrene nanoplastics-induced lipid accumulation in mice: Possible roles of lysosomes. Environ Int. 185:1085322024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Shen Q, Liu YJ, Qiu TT, Loon KS and Zhou D: Microplastic-induced NAFLD: Hepatoprotective effects of nanosized selenium. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 272:1158502024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Xu JL, Lin X, Wang JJ and Gowen AA: A review of potential human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics exposure. Sci Total Environ. 851(Pt 1): 1581112022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Liu W, Li M, Guo H, Wei S, Xu W, Yan Y, Shi Y, Xu Z, Chang K, Wei G and Zhao S: Single-cell transcriptome analysis of liver immune microenvironment changes induced by microplastics in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Sci Total Environ. 912:1683082024. View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Wei J, Liu J, Wang H, Wen K, Ni X, Lin Y, Huang J, You X, Lei Z, Li J, et al: Nanoplastic propels diet-induced NAFL to NASH via ER-mitochondrial tether-controlled redox switch. J Hazard Mater. 465:1331422024. View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Zha H, Han S, Tang R, Cao D, Chang K and Li L: Polylactic acid micro/nanoplastic-induced hepatotoxicity: Investigating food and air sources via multi-omics. Environ Sci Ecotechnol. 21:1004282024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Sinkala M, Nkhoma P, Mulder N and Martin DP: Integrated Molecular characterisation of the MAPK pathways in human cancers reveals pharmacologically vulnerable mutations and gene dependencies. Commun Biol. 4:92021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Köktürk M, Özgeriş FB, Atamanalp M, Uçar A, Özdemir S, Parlak V, Duyar HA and Alak G: Microplastic-induced oxidative stress response in turbot and potential intake by humans. Drug Chem Toxicol. 47:296–305. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Barboza LGA, Lopes C, Oliveira P, Bessa F, Otero V, Henriques B, Raimundo J, Caetano M, Vale C and Guilhermino L: Microplastics in wild fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and its potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure. Sci Total Environ. 717:1346252020. View Article : Google Scholar

124 

Mkuye R, Gong S, Zhao L, Masanja F, Ndandala C, Bubelwa E, Yang C and Deng Y: Effects of microplastics on physiological performance of marine bivalves, potential impacts, and enlightening the future based on a comparative study. Sci Total Environ. 838(Pt 1): 1559332022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Huang S, Huang X, Bi R, Guo Q, Yu X, Zeng Q, Huang Z, Liu T, Wu H, Chen Y, et al: Detection and analysis of microplastics in human sputum. Environ Sci Technol. 56:2476–2486. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Bhagat J, Nishimura N and Shimada Y: Toxicological interactions of microplastics/nanoplastics and environmental contaminants: Current knowledge and future perspectives. J Hazard Mater. 405:1239132021. View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Cuevas BD, Abell AN and Johnson GL: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases in signal integration. Oncogene. 26:3159–3171. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Moon H and Ro SW: MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 13:30262021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Yu B, Zhang Y, Wang T, Guo J, Kong C, Chen Z, Ma X and Qiu T: MAPK signaling pathways in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Inflamm Res. 16:1405–1418. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Cai S, Wu L, Yuan S, Liu G, Wang Y, Fang L and Xu D: Carvacrol alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting TRPM7 and modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 898:1739822021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Lv J, He Q, Yan Z, Xie Y, Wu Y, Li A, Zhang Y, Li J and Huang Z: Inhibitory impact of prenatal exposure to nano-polystyrene particles on the MAP2K6/p38 MAPK axis inducing embryonic developmental abnormalities in mice. Toxics. 12:3702024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Yu P, Liu Z, Wu D, Chen M, Lv W and Zhao Y: Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in juvenile eriocheir sinensis and oxidative stress effects in the liver. Aquat Toxicol. 200:28–36. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Xiong G, Zhang H, Shi H, Peng Y, Han M, Hu T, Liao X, Liu Y, Zhang J and Xu G: Enhanced hepatotoxicity in zebrafish due to co-exposure of microplastics and sulfamethoxazole: Insights into ROS-Mediated MAPK signaling pathway regulation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 278:1164152024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Ariffianto A, Deng L, Abe T, Matsui C, Ito M, Ryo A, Aly HH, Watashi K, Suzuki T, Mizokami M, et al: Oxidative stress sensor Keap1 recognizes HBx protein to activate the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting hepatitis B virus replication. J Virol. 97:e01287232023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Bellezza I, Giambanco I, Minelli A and Donato R: Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 1865:721–733. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Ulasov AV, Rosenkranz AA, Georgiev GP and Sobolev AS: Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling: Towards specific regulation. Life Sci. 291:1201112022. View Article : Google Scholar

137 

Li S, Shi M, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Cai D and Xiao F: Keap1-nrf2 pathway up-regulation via hydrogen sulfide mitigates polystyrene microplastics induced-hepatotoxic effects. J Hazard Mater. 402:1239332021. View Article : Google Scholar

138 

Yin K, Wang D, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li B and Xing M: Polystyrene microplastics up-regulates liver glutamine and glutamate synthesis and promotes autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis in the cerebellum through the liver-brain axis. Environ Pollut. 307:1194492022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

139 

Kamila S, Dey KK, Islam S and Chattopadhyay A: Arsenic and chromium induced hepatotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio Rerio) at environmentally relevant concentrations: Mixture effects and involvement of Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway. Sci Total Environ. 921:1712212024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

Yu Z, Fan X, Zhao X, He T, Li X, Du H, Zhao M, Zhu R, Li M, Zhang Z and Han F: Polystyrene nanoplastics induce lipid metabolism disorder by activating the PERK-ATF4 signaling pathway in mice. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 16:34524–34537. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

141 

Fan Z, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Zhong H, Wei T, Akhtar H, Zhang J, Yang M, Li Y, Zhou X, et al: Polystyrene nanoplastics induce lipophagy via the AMPK/ULK1 pathway and block lipophagic flux leading to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. J Hazard Mater. 476:1348782024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

142 

Zhang Q, Lv Y, Liu J, Chang L, Chen Q, Zhu L, Wang B, Jiang J and Zhu W: Size matters either way: Differently-sized microplastics affect amphibian host and symbiotic microbiota discriminately. Environ Pollut. 328:1216342023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Yu Z, Yan C, Qiu D, Zhang X, Wen C and Dong S: Accumulation and ecotoxicological effects induced by combined exposure of different sized polyethylene microplastics and oxytetracycline in zebrafish. Environ Pollut. 319:1209772023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

144 

Ding J, Huang Y, Liu S, Zhang S, Zou H, Wang Z, Zhu W and Geng J: Toxicological effects of nano- and micro-polystyrene plastics on red tilapia: Are larger plastic particles more harmless? J Hazard Mater. 396:1226932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

145 

Guo T, Geng X, Zhang Y, Hou L, Lu H, Xing M and Wang Y: New insights into the spleen injury by mitochondrial dysfunction of chicken under polystyrene microplastics stress. Poult Sci. 103:1036742024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Raza T, Rasool B, Asrar M, Manzoor M, Javed Z, Jabeen F and Younis T: Exploration of polyacrylamide microplastics and evaluation of their toxicity on multiple parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. Saudi J Biol Sci. 30:1035182023. View Article : Google Scholar

147 

Brandts I, Barría C, Martins MA, Franco-Martínez L, Barreto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Tort L, Oliveira M and Teles M: Waterborne exposure of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to polymethylmethacrylate nanoplastics causes effects at cellular and molecular levels. J Hazard Mater. 403:1235902021. View Article : Google Scholar

148 

Bobori DC, Feidantsis K, Dimitriadi A, Datsi N, Ripis P, Kalogiannis S, Sampsonidis I, Kastrinaki G, Ainali NM, Lambropoulou DA, et al: Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) in two freshwater fishes. Int J Mol Sci. 23:138782022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Wu X, Li M, Yang S, Dong J, Pan W, Ning Y, Hua X, Dong D and Liang D: Liver metabolic dysregulation induced by polypropylene nano- and microplastics in nile tilapia using internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 95:7863–7871. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Zheng Q, Cui L, Liao H, Junaid M, Li Z, Liu S, Gao D, Zheng Y, Lu S, Qiu J and Wang J: Combined exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics and bisphenol A induces hepato- and intestinal-toxicity and disturbs gut microbiota in channel catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus). Sci Total Environ. 891:1643192023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Li J, Li J, Zhai L and Lu K: Co-exposure of polycarbonate microplastics aggravated the toxic effects of imidacloprid on the liver and gut microbiota in mice. Environ. Toxicol Pharmacol. 101:1041942023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

152 

Sun W, Yan S, Meng Z, Tian S, Jia M, Huang S, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Diao J and Zhu W: Combined ingestion of polystyrene microplastics and epoxiconazole increases health risk to mice: Based on their synergistic bioaccumulation in vivo. Environ Int. 166:1073912022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

153 

Barboza LGA, Cunha SC, Monteiro C, Fernandes JO and Guilhermino L: Bisphenol A and its analogs in muscle and liver of fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in relation to microplastic contamination. exposure and risk to human consumers. J Hazard. Mater. 393:1224192020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

154 

Chen L, Qi M, Zhang L, Yu F, Tao D, Xu C and Xu S: Di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate and microplastics cause necroptosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes of mice by inducing oxidative stress. Environ Toxicol. 38:1226–1238. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Wang Q, Chen G, Tian L, Kong C, Gao D, Chen Y, Junaid M and Wang J: Neuroand hepato-toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and polybrominated diphenyl ethers on early life stages of zebrafish. Sci Total Environ. 857(Pt 2): 1595672023. View Article : Google Scholar

156 

Liu S, Yan L, Zhang Y, Junaid M and Wang J: Toxicological effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and perfluorooctanoic acid to gambusia affinis. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 127:1100–1112. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

157 

Mohsen M, Lin C, Tu C, Zhang C, Xu S and Yang H: Association of heavy metals with plastics used in aquaculture. Mar Pollut Bull. 174:1133122022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

158 

Yang H, Zhu Z, Xie Y, Zheng C, Zhou Z, Zhu T and Zhang Y: Comparison of the combined toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and different concentrations of cadmium in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol Amst Neth. 250:1062592022. View Article : Google Scholar

159 

Kessabi K, Abbassi A, Lahmar S, Casado M, Banni M, Piña B and Messaoudi I: Combined toxic effects of cadmium and environmental microplastics in aphanius fasciatus(Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). Mar Environ Res. 189:1060712023. View Article : Google Scholar

160 

Al Marshoudi M, Al Reasi HA, Al-Habsi A and Barry MJ: Additive effects of microplastics on accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in male zebrafish. Chemosphere. 334:1389692023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

161 

Yang Z, Zhu L, Liu J, Cheng Y, Waiho K, Chen A and Wang Y: Polystyrene microplastics increase Pb bioaccumulation and health damage in the Chinese Mitten crab eriocheir sinensis. Sci Total Environ. 829:1545862022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

162 

Zhong G, Rao G, Tang L, Wu S, Tang Z, Huang R, Ruan Z and Hu L: Combined effect of arsenic and polystyrene-nanoplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations in mice liver: Activation of Apoptosis, pyroptosis and excessive autophagy. Chemosphere. 300:1345662022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

163 

Clark NJ, Khan FR, Crowther C, Mitrano DM and Thompson RC: Uptake, distribution and elimination of palladium-doped polystyrene nanoplastics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) following dietary exposure. Sci Total Environ. 854:1587652023. View Article : Google Scholar

164 

Huang JN, Wen B, Li XX, Xu L, Gao JZ and Chen ZZ: Astaxanthin mitigates oxidative stress caused by microplastics at the expense of reduced skin pigmentation in discus fish. Sci Total Environ. 874:1624942023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

165 

Missawi O, Jeddou IB, Venditti M, Zitouni N, Zaouali MA, Abdennebi HB, Messaoudi I, Reiter RJ, Minucci S and Banni M: Environmental microplastic accumulation exacerbates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat: protective effects of melatonin. Sci Total Environ. 860:1601552023. View Article : Google Scholar

166 

Elsheikh AA, Alnasser SM, Shalaby AM, Alabiad MA, Abd-Almotaleb NA, Alorini M, Jaber FA and Khayal EE: Polystyrene microplastic particles induced hepatotoxic injury via pyroptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrotic changes in adult male albino rats; the therapeutic role of silymarin. Toxicol Mech Methods. 33:512–528. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

167 

Ijaz MU, Khalil M, Hamza A and Khatoon A: Attenuative effects of tamarixetin against polystyrene microplastics-induced hepatotoxicity in rats by regulation of Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathway. Cell Biochem Funct. 41:1451–1461. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

168 

Yu C, Xu Y, Wei Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Song P and Yu J: Gut microbiota and liver metabolomics reveal the potential mechanism of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulating the liver toxicity caused by polystyrene microplastics in mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 31:6527–6542. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

169 

Dong R, Zhou C, Wang S, Yan Y and Jiang Q: Probiotics ameliorate polyethylene microplastics-induced liver injury by inhibition of oxidative stress in nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 130:261–272. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

170 

Silva AB, Bastos AS, Justino CIL, da Costa JP, Duarte AC and Rocha-Santos TAP: Microplastics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry - A review. Anal Chim Acta. 1017:1–19. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

171 

Wright S, Levermore J and Ishikawa Y: Application of infrared and near-infrared microspectroscopy to microplastic human exposure measurements. Appl Spectrosc. 77:1105–1128. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

172 

Barbosa F, Adeyemi JA, Bocato MZ, Comas A and Campiglia A: A critical viewpoint on current issues, limitations, and future research needs on micro- and nanoplastic studies: From the detection to the toxicological assessment. environ. Res. 182:1090892020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

173 

Cabernard L, Roscher L, Lorenz C, Gerdts G and Primpke S: Comparison of raman and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Technol. 52:13279–13288. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

174 

Nigamatzyanova L and Fakhrullin R: Dark-Field hyperspectral microscopy for label-free microplastics and nanoplastics detection and identification in vivo: A caenorhabditis elegans study. Environ Pollut. 271:1163372021. View Article : Google Scholar

175 

Liang JL, Cao GX, Zheng FY, Li SX, Liu FJ, Lin LX, Huang XG, Zhang ZH, Zheng JY and Huang QY: Low-Toxic, fluorescent labeled and size-controlled graphene oxide quantum Dots@ polystyrene nanospheres as reference material for quantitative determination and in vivo tracing. Chemosphere. 307(Pt 4): 1360942022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

176 

Wang Y, Wei Z, Xu K, Wang X, Gao X, Han Q, Wang S and Chen M: The effect and a mechanistic evaluation of polystyrene nanoplastics on a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol. 173:1136422023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

177 

Shi C, Han X, Guo W, Wu Q, Yang X, Wang Y, Tang G, Wang S, Wang Z, Liu Y, et al: Disturbed gut-liver axis indicating oral exposure to polystyrene microplastic potentially increases the risk of insulin resistance. Environ Int. 164:1072732022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

178 

Huang D, Zhang Y, Long J, Yang X, Bao L, Yang Z, Wu B, Si R, Zhao W, Peng C, et al: Polystyrene microplastic exposure induces insulin resistance in mice via dysbacteriosis and pro-inflammation. Sci Total Environ. 838(Pt 1): 1559372022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

179 

Fan X, Wei X, Hu H, Zhang B, Yang D, Du H, Zhu R, Sun X, Oh Y and Gu N: Effects of oral administration of polystyrene nanoplastics on plasma glucose metabolism in mice. Chemosphere. 288(Pt 3): 1326072022. View Article : Google Scholar

180 

Xie S, Zhang R, Li Z, Liu C, Chen Y and Yu Q: Microplastics perturb colonic epithelial homeostasis associated with intestinal overproliferation, exacerbating the severity of colitis. Environ Res. 217:1148612023. View Article : Google Scholar

181 

Yin K, Wang Y, Zhao H, Wang D, Guo M, Mu M, Liu Y, Nie X, Li B, Li J and Xing M: A comparative review of microplastics and nanoplastics: Toxicity hazards on digestive, reproductive and nervous system. Sci Total Environ. 774:1457582021. View Article : Google Scholar

182 

Xia X, Guo W, Ma X, Liang N, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Chang Z and Zhang X: Reproductive toxicity and cross-generational effect of polyethylene microplastics in paramisgurnus dabryanus. Chemosphere. 313:1374402023. View Article : Google Scholar

183 

Jin H, Yan M, Pan C, Liu Z, Sha X, Jiang C, Li L, Pan M, Li D, Han X and Ding J: Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity and decreased testosterone levels via the LH-Mediated LHR/cAMP/PKA/StAR pathway. Part Fibre Toxicol. 19:132022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

184 

Wei Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Xie J, Han Q and Chen M: Comparing the effects of polystyrene microplastics exposure on reproduction and fertility in male and female mice. Toxicology. 465:1530592022. View Article : Google Scholar

185 

Abdel-Zaher S, Mohamed MS and Sayed AEH: Hemotoxic effects of polyethylene microplastics on mice. Front Physiol. 14:10727972023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

186 

Lee JH, Kang JC and Kim JH: Toxic effects of microplastic (Polyethylene) on fish: Accumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in Korean Bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Sci Total Environ. 877:1628742023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

187 

Wang S, Chen L, Shi X, Wang Y and Xu S: Polystyrene microplastics-induced macrophage extracellular traps contributes to liver fibrotic injury by activating ROS/TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling axis. Environ Pollut. 324:1213882023. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yue S, Chen S, Zhang Y, Chen B and Xu T: Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 144, 2025.
APA
Yue, S., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., & Xu, T. (2025). Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5584
MLA
Yue, S., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Xu, T."Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.4 (2025): 144.
Chicago
Yue, S., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Xu, T."Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 4 (2025): 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5584
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yue S, Chen S, Zhang Y, Chen B and Xu T: Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 144, 2025.
APA
Yue, S., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., & Xu, T. (2025). Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5584
MLA
Yue, S., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Xu, T."Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.4 (2025): 144.
Chicago
Yue, S., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Xu, T."Emerging threat of environmental microplastics: A comprehensive analysis of hepatic metabolic dysregulation and hepatocellular damage (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 4 (2025): 144. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5584
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team