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Review Open Access

Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Tao Duan
    • Hanhai Mao
    • Xingyue Jiang
    • Ying Tian
    • Jidong Zhang
    • Jun Tan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China, Morphology Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Duan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 7
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    Published online on: October 27, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5678
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Abstract

Copper is an important trace element in the human body and plays an essential role in cells, where it is involved in synthesizing copper‑dependent enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase, tyrosinase, lysyl oxidase, dopamine‑β‑hydroxylase and other related copper‑containing enzymes. Copper overload or deficiency affects cell activity, leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, as well as cancer, represent significant chronic health burdens. The complexity of their pathophysiological mechanisms, coupled with the limitations of current targeted therapies, complicates the development of effective treatments. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of copper's regulatory mechanisms in health and disease, with particular emphasis on its roles in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Recent advances in copper‑targeted therapeutic strategies, including copper chelators, ionophores and copper‑based nanoparticles, were highlighted. Furthermore, the clinical potential, key challenges and future prospects of these interventions were assessed. By synthesizing recent preclinical and clinical evidence, this review aims to contribute novel perspectives for improving the treatment of copper‑associated diseases.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic overview of copper
homeostasis: Physiological functions and pathological implications
in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Copper plays a critical
role in maintaining normal physiological functions by supporting
essential cellular processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and
the biosynthesis of copper-dependent enzymes. Cellular copper
homeostasis is tightly regulated through transporters, including
CTR1 and ATP7A/B. Dysregulation of copper homeostasis has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders,
where it promotes the aggregation of pathogenic proteins and
contributes to cancer progression by enhancing tumor cell
proliferation and angiogenesis. Notably, cuproptosis, an emerging
form of regulated cell death driven by copper and mediated by
mitochondrial proteins FDX1 and DLAT, has emerged as a promising
therapeutic target in oncology. Conversely, restoration of copper
homeostasis via copper chelators or ionophores represents a
potential treatment strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. AD,
Alzheimer's disease; PD, Parkinson's disease; HD, Huntington's
disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; FDX1, ferredoxin 1;
DLAT, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1;
TDP-43, TAR DNA-binding protein 43; CTR1, copper transporter 1;
ATP7A, ATPase copper-transporting α.

Figure 2

The intracellular transport pathway
of copper. STEAP, Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the
prostate; GSH, glutathione; CCS, copper chaperone for superoxide
dismutase; MT1, metallothionein-1; CTR1, copper transporter 1;
ATOX1, antioxidant protein 1; ATP7A, ATPase copper-transporting α;
TGN, trans-Golgi network; COA6, cytochrome c oxidase assembly
factor 6; SCO1, synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 1; COX11,
cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 11; SLC25A3, solute carrier
family 25 member 3.

Figure 3

Copper ions contribute to the
pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and induce cuproptosis.
(A) Copper ions contribute to neurodegenerative diseases:
Dysregulation of copper ion metabolism leads to the misfolding of
SOD1, resulting in the loss of its normal antioxidant function and
promoting the generation of ROS. This disrupts the balance of
intracellular ROS levels, triggering oxidative stress.
Concurrently, copper ions inhibit the TCA cycle, impairing cellular
energy metabolism by both increasing ROS production and reducing
its clearance. This exacerbates oxidative stress, ultimately
accelerating neuronal degeneration. In patients with
neurodegenerative diseases, copper ions bind to amyloid β-protein,
Tau protein and α-synuclein, promoting the formation of neurotoxic
oligomers. The abnormal interaction between copper ions and amyloid
β-protein induces protein aggregation, leading to the formation of
oligomers, protofibrils and amyloid plaques. These aggregated
species are neurotoxic and can disrupt synaptic connections,
interfere with neuronal signaling, and impair cognitive and memory
functions. Copper ions also bind to Tau proteins, facilitating the
formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Furthermore, copper ions
alter the conformation and aggregation state of α-synuclein,
further contributing to the accumulation of neurotoxic oligomers.
(B) Copper ions induce cuproptosis: Elesclomol forms a complex with
extracellular Cu(II), known as the elesclomol-Cu(II) complex, which
facilitates the transport of copper ions into mitochondria. Within
the mitochondria, FDX1 reduces Cu(II) to Cu(I). On one hand, Cu(I)
induces the loss of Fe-S proteins, thereby triggering cuproptosis.
On the other hand, FDX1 and LIAS mediate the lipoylation of DLAT,
and Cu(I) promotes DLAT aggregation, which also leads to
cuproptosis. STEAP, six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the
prostate; CCS, copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase; Fe-S,
iron-sulfur; CTR1, copper transporter 1; COX17, cytochrome c
oxidase assembly protein 17; FDX1, ferredoxin 1; TCA, tricarboxylic
acid; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species;
DLAT, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase; LIAS, lipoic acid synthase.
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Duan T, Mao H, Jiang X, Tian Y, Zhang J and Tan J: Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 57: 7, 2026.
APA
Duan, T., Mao, H., Jiang, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., & Tan, J. (2026). Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5678
MLA
Duan, T., Mao, H., Jiang, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., Tan, J."Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.1 (2026): 7.
Chicago
Duan, T., Mao, H., Jiang, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., Tan, J."Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 1 (2026): 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5678
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Spandidos Publications style
Duan T, Mao H, Jiang X, Tian Y, Zhang J and Tan J: Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 57: 7, 2026.
APA
Duan, T., Mao, H., Jiang, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., & Tan, J. (2026). Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5678
MLA
Duan, T., Mao, H., Jiang, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., Tan, J."Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.1 (2026): 7.
Chicago
Duan, T., Mao, H., Jiang, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., Tan, J."Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 1 (2026): 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5678
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