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International Journal of Molecular Medicine
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Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
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April-2026 Volume 57 Issue 4

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Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

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Review Open Access

The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jing Mao
    • Lin-Ming Zhang
    • Yan-Lin Zhu
    • Shu-Ji Gao
    • Ming-Wei Liu

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China, Department of Emergency, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Mao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 98
    |
    Published online on: February 17, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5769
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Abstract

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by impaired neuromuscular junction transmission, leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. This condition is driven primarily by autoantibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. These antibodies are predominantly generated through a T‑cell‑dependent pathway, initiating immunomodulatory responses via complement activation. Cytokines and inflammatory mediators also play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of MG. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the involvement of cytokines in autoimmune diseases. Interleukin‑35 (IL‑35), an immunoregulatory cytokine, is critical in various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. It modulates immune responses by promoting Treg proliferation, enhancing their immunosuppressive functions, inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation, and reducing proinflammatory cytokine levels. IL‑35 is thus pivotal in the onset and progression of MG. The present review outlines the key functions of IL‑35 in MG pathogenesis and the impact of IL‑35 on the treatment and prognosis of myasthenia gravis, explores its therapeutic potential, and assesses its prognostic value, offering insights into its mechanisms and implications for treatment.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Mao J, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Gao S and Liu M: <p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>. Int J Mol Med 57: 98, 2026.
APA
Mao, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, S., & Liu, M. (2026). <p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5769
MLA
Mao, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, S., Liu, M."<p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.4 (2026): 98.
Chicago
Mao, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, S., Liu, M."<p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 4 (2026): 98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5769
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Mao J, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Gao S and Liu M: <p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>. Int J Mol Med 57: 98, 2026.
APA
Mao, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, S., & Liu, M. (2026). <p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5769
MLA
Mao, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, S., Liu, M."<p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.4 (2026): 98.
Chicago
Mao, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, S., Liu, M."<p>The role and mechanism of IL‑35 in myasthenia gravis (Review)</p>". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 4 (2026): 98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5769
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