Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
August-2026 Volume 58 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2026 Volume 58 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Purchase PDF
Review

Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qin Yu
    • Jiarui Hu
    • Shuangshuang Yuan
    • Jiexia Gan
    • Mao Luo
    • Jianbo Wu
    • Liqun Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, Department of Pharmacy, Anshun Xixiu District People's Hospital, Anshun, Guizhou 561000, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 205
    |
    Published online on: May 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5876
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels originating from pre‑existing vasculature and serves a critical role in physiological developmental processes. In addition, angiogenesis serves important roles in various pathological conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, and tumor progression and metastasis. A primary challenge in this field remains the selection of appropriate assays to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, evaluate the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents and identify viable targets within the angiogenic pathway. Given that heterogeneity exists not only amongst endothelial cells themselves but also within the specific microenvironment under investigation, it is crucial to select appropriate assay conditions and cell types that can most accurately reflect the angiogenic pathology being studied. Therefore, the present review documents the advantages and limitations of the principal angiogenesis assays currently in use, including those for the proliferation, migration, two‑dimensional tube formation and three‑dimensional tubulogenesis of endothelial cells in vitro, vessel outgrowth from retinal explants, and aortic rings ex vivo and in vivo assays (such as hindlimb ischemia models, corneal neovascularization assays, retinal vascularization assays, zebrafish models, chick chorioallantoic membrane assays and tumor angiogenesis models). The aim of the present review is to perform a comprehensive analysis of angiogenesis models to establish a foundational framework for subsequent experimental studies on angiogenesis‑related pathologies.
View Figures

Figure 1

Multi-scale experimental models for
investigating angiogenesis. These diverse models include
endothelial cell proliferation, migration, two-dimensional tube
formation and three-dimensional tubulogenesis in vitro,
vessel outgrowth from retinal explants and aortic rings ex
vivo and in vivo assays (such as hindlimb ischemia
models, corneal neovascularization assays, retinal vascularization
assays, zebrafish models, CAM assays and tumor angiogenesis
models). CAM, chick chorioallantoic membrane.
View References

1 

Ausprunk DH and Folkman J: Migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in preformed and newly formed blood vessels during tumor angiogenesis. Microvasc Res. 14:53–65. 1977. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Xiao X, Xu M, Yu H, Wang L, Li X, Rak J, Wang S and Zhao RC: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles mitigate oxidative stress-induced senescence in endothelial cells via regulation of miR-146a/Src. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 6:3542021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Wang C, Dai X, Wu S, Xu W, Song P, Huang K and Zou MH: FUNDC1-dependent mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes are involved in angiogenesis and neoangiogenesis. Nat Commun. 12:26162021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ge Y, Wang Q, Yao Y, Xin Q, Sun J, Chen W, Lin Y and Cai X: Framework nucleic acids-based VEGF signaling activating system for angiogenesis: A dual stimulation strategy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 11:e23087012024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Hu Y, Tao R, Chen L, Xiong Y, Xue H, Hu L, Yan C, Xie X, Lin Z, Panayi AC, et al: Exosomes derived from pioglitazone-pretreated MSCs accelerate diabetic wound healing through enhancing angiogenesis. J Nanobiotechnology. 19:1502021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Hinkel R, Howe A, Renner S, Ng J, Lee S, Klett K, Kaczmarek V, Moretti A, Laugwitz KL, Skroblin P, et al: Diabetes mellitus-induced microvascular destabilization in the myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 69:131–43. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Perez-Gutierrez L and Ferrara N: Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 24:816–834. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Liu ZL, Chen HH, Zheng LL, Sun LP and Shi L: Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8:1982023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Griffioen AW and Dudley AC: The rising impact of angiogenesis research. Angiogenesis. 25:435–437. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Campisi M, Shin Y, Osaki T, Hajal C, Chiono V and Kamm RD: 3D self-organized microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier with endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Biomaterials. 180:117–29. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chung H, Choi JK, Hong C, Lee Y, Hong KH, Oh SJ, Kim J, Song SC, Kim JW and Kim SH: A micro-fragmented collagen gel as a cell-assembling platform for critical limb ischemia repair. Bioact Mater. 34:80–97. 2023.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Charbonneau M, Harper K, Brochu-Gaudreau K, Perreault A, Roy LO, Lucien F, Tian S, Fortin D and Dubois CM: The development of a rapid patient-derived xenograft model to predict chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity/resistance in malignant glial tumors. Neuro Oncol. 25:1605–1616. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Tabel M, Wolf A, Szczepan M, Xu H, Jagle H, Moehle C, Chen M and Langmann T: Genetic targeting or pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 dampens microglia reactivity and delays retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation. 19:2292022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Staton CA, Reed MW and Brown NJ: A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays. Int J Exp Pathol. 90:195–221. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Li R, Shao J, Jin YJ, Kawase H, Ong YT, Troidl K, Quan Q, Wang L, Bonnavion R, Wietelmann A, et al: Endothelial FAT1 inhibits angiogenesis by controlling YAP/TAZ protein degradation via E3 ligase MIB2. Nat Commun. 14:19802023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Battinelli EM, Markens BA and Italiano JE Jr: Release of angiogenesis regulatory proteins from platelet alpha granules: Modulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Blood. 118:1359–1369. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Thunyaporn R, Doh I and Lee DW: Multi-volume hemacytometer. Sci Rep. 11:141062021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chen Y, Tristan CA, Chen L, Jovanovic VM, Malley C, Chu PH, Ryu S, Deng T, Ormanoglu P, Tao D, et al: A versatile polypharmacology platform promotes cytoprotection and viability of human pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nat Methods. 18:528–541. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Chu C, Schonbrunn A, Elitok S, Kern F, Schnatbaum K, Wenschuh H, Klemm K, von Baehr V, Kramer BK and Hocher B: T-cell proliferation assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells. Clin Chim Acta. 532:130–136. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Hua Q, Jin M, Mi B, Xu F, Li T, Zhao L, Liu J and Huang G: LINC01123, a c-Myc-activated long non-coding RNA, promotes proliferation and aerobic glycolysis of non-small cell lung cancer through miR-199a-5p/c-Myc axis. J Hematol Oncol. 12:912019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Hua Q, Mi B, Xu F, Wen J, Zhao L, Liu J and Huang G: Hypoxia-induced lncRNA-AC020978 promotes proliferation and glycolytic metabolism of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating PKM2/HIF-1α axis. Theranostics. 10:4762–4778. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Nowak-Sliwinska P, Alitalo K, Allen E, Anisimov A, Aplin AC, Auerbach R, Augustin HG, Bates DO, van Beijnum JR, Bender RHF, et al: Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays. Angiogenesis. 21:425–532. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Malinova TS, Angulo-Urarte A, Nuchel J, Tauber M, van der Stoel MM, Janssen V, de Haan A, Groenen AG, Tebbens M, Graupera M, et al: A junctional PACSIN2/EHD4/MICAL-L1 complex coordinates VE-cadherin trafficking for endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Nat Commun. 12:26102021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kulikauskas MR, X S and Bautch VL: The versatility and paradox of BMP signaling in endothelial cell behaviors and blood vessel function. Cell Mol Life Sci. 79:772022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Leclech C, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Villedieu A, Lok T, Deplanche AM and Barakat AI: Topography-induced large-scale antiparallel collective migration in vascular endothelium. Nat Commun. 13:27972022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Luo Q, Jiang Z, Jiang J, Wan L, Li Y, Huang Y, Qiu J, Yu K and Zhuang J: Tsp-1+ microglia attenuate retinal neovascularization by maintaining the expression of Smad3 in endothelial cells through exosomes with decreased miR-27a-5p. Theranostics. 13:3689–3706. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Yuan S, Yu Q, Chen T, Li T, Li Y, Deng X, Chen N, You J, Li R, Liu Y, et al: Mitsugumin 53 inhibits angiogenesis through regulating focal adhesion turnover and tip cell formation. J Cell Mol Med. 29:e704392025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Schreier T, Degen E and Baschong W: Fibroblast migration and proliferation during in vitro wound healing. A quantitative comparison between various growth factors and a low molecular weight blood dialysate used in the clinic to normalize impaired wound healing. Res Exp Med (Berl). 193:195–205. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Boyden S: The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. J Exp Med. 115:453–466. 1962. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Li Y, Chai JL, Shi X, Feng Y, Li JJ, Zhou LN, Cao C and Li KR: Gαi1/3 mediate Netrin-1-CD146-activated signaling and angiogenesis. Theranostics. 13:2319–2336. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Shan HJ, Jiang K, Zhao MZ, Deng WJ, Cao WH, Li JJ, Li KR, She C, Luo WF, Yao J, et al: SCF/c-Kit-activated signaling and angiogenesis require Gαi1 and Gαi3. Int J Biol Sci. 19:1910–1924. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Beloglazova I, Zubkova E, Dergilev K, Goltseva Y and Parfyonova Y: New insight on 2D in vitro angiogenesis models: All that stretches is not a tube. Cells. 11:32782022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Liu Y, Chen J, Liang H, Cai Y, Li X, Yan L, Zhou L, Shan L and Wang H: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells not only ameliorate blood glucose but also protect vascular endothelium from diabetic damage through a paracrine mechanism mediated by MAPK/ERK signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther. 13:2582022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Chen T, Song P, He M, Rui S, Duan X, Ma Y, Armstrong DG and Deng W: Sphingosine-1-phosphate derived from PRP-Exos promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via the S1PR1/AKT/FN1 signalling pathway. Burns Trauma. 11:tkad0032023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Segarra M, Aburto MR, Cop F, Llao-Cid C, Hartl R, Damm M, Bethani I, Parrilla M, Husainie D, Schanzer A, et al: Endothelial Dab1 signaling orchestrates neuro-glia-vessel communication in the central nervous system. Science. 361:eaao28612018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Okuyama K, Mizuno K, Nittami K, Sakaue H and Sato T: Molecular mechanisms of cyclic phosphatidic acid-induced lymphangiogenic actions in vitro. Microvasc Res. 139:1042732022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Velez DO, Tsui B, Goshia T, Chute CL, Han A, Carter H and Fraley SI: 3D collagen architecture induces a conserved migratory and transcriptional response linked to vasculogenic mimicry. Nat Commun. 8:16512017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Ren R, Ding S, Ma K, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Kou Y, Fan X, Zhu X, et al: SUMOylation fine-tunes endothelial HEY1 in the regulation of angiogenesis. Circ Res. 134:203–222. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ucla P, Ju X, Demircioglu M, Baiz S, Muller L, Germain S, Monnot C, Semetey V and Coscoy S: Dynamics of endothelial engagement and filopodia formation in complex 3D microscaffolds. Int J Mol Sci. 23:24152022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Davis GE, Kim DJ, Meng CX, Norden PR, Speichinger KR, Davis MT, Smith AO, Bowers SL and Stratman AN: Control of vascular tube morphogenesis and maturation in 3D extracellular matrices by endothelial cells and pericytes. Methods Mol Biol. 1066:17–28. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Zhang Y, Liu J, Zou T, Qi Y, Yi B, Dissanayaka WL and Zhang C: DPSCs treated by TGF-β1 regulate angiogenic sprouting of three-dimensionally co-cultured HUVECs and DPSCs through VEGF-Ang-Tie2 signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther. 12:2812021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Jensen L, Guo Z, Sun X, Jing X, Yang Y and Cao Y: Angiogenesis, signaling pathways, and animal models. Chin Med J (Engl). 138:1153–1162. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Aref Z and Quax PHA: In vivo matrigel plug assay as a potent method to investigate specific individual contribution of angiogenesis to blood flow recovery in mice. Int J Mol Sci. 22:89092021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Chen C, Lin LY, Chen JW and Chang TT: CXCL5 suppression recovers neovascularization and accelerates wound healing in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 22:1722023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Zhu G, Lin Y, Ge T, Singh S, Liu H, Fan L, Wang S, Rhen J, Jiang D, Lyu Y, et al: A novel peptide inhibitor of Dll4-Notch1 signalling and its pro-angiogenic functions. Br J Pharmacol. 179:1716–1731. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhu B, Chen JJ, Feng Y, Yang JL, Huang H, Chung WY, Hu YL and Xue WJ: DNMT1-induced miR-378a-3p silencing promotes angiogenesis via the NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting TRAF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 40:3522021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Razny U, Wator L, Polus A, Kiec-Wilk B, Wan YJY, Dyduch G, Tomaszewska R and Dembińska-Kiec A: Modulatory effect of high saturated fat diet-induced metabolic disturbances on angiogenic response in hepatocyte RXRα knockout mice. Pharmacol Rep. 62:1078–1089. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

He L, Zhu W, Chen Q, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Wang J and Wu X: Ovarian cancer cell-secreted exosomal miR-205 promotes metastasis by inducing angiogenesis. Theranostics. 9:8206–8220. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Thijssen VL, Brandwijk RJ, Dings RP and Griffioen AW: Angiogenesis gene expression profiling in xenograft models to study cellular interactions. Exp Cell Res. 299:286–293. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Hu B, Wang R, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhou S, Ma B, Luan Y, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang Z and Kang Q: Postnatal development of rat retina: A continuous observation and comparison between the organotypic retinal explant model and in vivo development. Neural Regen Res. 20:900–912. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Roy A, Zhou J, Nolet M, Welinder C, Zhu Y, Paquet-Durand F, Groten J, Tomar T and Ekstrom P: Integrative kinase activity profiling and phosphoproteomics of rd10 mouse retina during cGMP-Dependent retinal degeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 25:34462024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Elbaz-Hayoun S, Rinsky B, Hagbi-Levi S, Grunin M; Tammy HayaYedid, ; Chowers I: Evaluation of antioxidant treatments for the modulation of macrophage function in the context of retinal degeneration. Mol Vis. 25:479–88. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

53 

Heinken A, Asara JM, Gnanaguru G and Singh C: Systemic regulation of retinal medium-chain fatty acid oxidation repletes TCA cycle flux in oxygen-induced retinopathy. Commun Biol. 8:252025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Belhadj S, Tolone A, Christensen G, Das S, Chen Y and Paquet-Durand F: Long-term, serum-free cultivation of organotypic mouse retina explants with intact retinal pigment epithelium. J Vis Exp. ((165))2020.PubMed/NCBI

55 

Kuribayashi H, Katahira M, Aihara M, Suzuki Y and Watanabe S: Loss-of-function approach using mouse retinal explants showed pivotal roles of Nmnat2 in early and middle stages of retinal development. Mol Biol Cell. 34:ar42023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Gucciardo E, Loukovaara S, Korhonen A, Repo P, Martins B, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E and Lehti K: The microenvironment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy supports lymphatic neovascularization. J Pathol. 245:172–185. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Bogdanov P, Duarri A, Sabater D, Salas A, Isla-Magrané H, Ramos H, Huerta J, Valeri M, García-Arumí J, Simó R and Hernández C: Blocking hemopexin with specific antibodies: A new strategy for treating diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 72:1841–1852. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Nicosia RF, Tchao R and Leighton J: Histotypic angiogenesis in vitro: Light microscopic, ultrastructural, and radioautographic studies. In Vitro. 18:538–549. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Nicosia RF and Ottinetti A: Growth of microvessels in serum-free matrix culture of rat aorta. A quantitative assay of angiogenesis in vitro. Lab Investig. 63:115–122. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

60 

Leloup A, De Moudt S, Van Hove C and Fransen P: Cyclic stretch alters vascular reactivity of mouse aortic segments. Front Physiol. 8:8582017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Liu M, Xie S and Zhou J: Use of animal models for the imaging and quantification of angiogenesis. Exp Anim. 67:1–6. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Sun X, Li F, Dong B, Suo S, Liu M, Li D and Zhou J: Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by the microtubule-binding protein CLIP-170. Protein Cell. 4:266–276. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Aboyans V, Canonico ME, Chastaingt L, Anand SS, Brodmann M, Couffinhal T, Criqui MH, Debus ES, Mazzolai L, McDermott MM and Bonaca MP: Peripheral artery disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 11:682025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Zhang X, Jiang M, Zhang X, Zuo Y, Zhang H, Zhang T, Yang L, Lin J, Zhang Y, Dai X, et al: Adipsin improves diabetic hindlimb ischemia through SERPINE1 dependent angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 23:4292024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Han L, Ye G, Su W, Zhu Y, Wu W, Hao L, Gao J, Li Z, Liu F and Duan J: Dapagliflozin improves angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia through the PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway. Biomolecules. 14:5922024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Deppen JN, Ginn SC, Kim NH, Wang L, Voll RJ, Liang SH, Goodman MM, Oshinski JN and Levit RD: A swine hind limb ischemia model useful for testing peripheral artery disease therapeutics. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 14:1186–1197. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Del Giudice C, Ifergan G, Goudot G, Bellamy V, Messas E, Clement O, Bruneval P, Menasche P and Sapoval M: Evaluation of a new model of hind limb ischemia in rabbits. J Vasc Surg. 68:849–857. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Couffinhal T, Silver M, Zheng LP, Kearney M, Witzenbichler B and Isner JM: Mouse model of angiogenesis. Am J Pathol. 152:1667–1679. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

69 

Oh DG, Hansen L and Taylor WR: Is laser doppler perfusion imaging truly a ‘gold standard’ for preclinical peripheral artery disease research? JACC Basic Transl Sci. 10:104–106. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Tang GL and Kim KJ: Laser doppler perfusion imaging in the mouse hindlimb. J Vis Exp. ((170))2021.

71 

Hedhli J, Kim M, Knox HJ, Cole JA, Huynh T, Schuelke M, Dobrucki IT, Kalinowski L, Chan J, Sinusas AJ, et al: Imaging the landmarks of vascular recovery. Theranostics. 10:1733–1745. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Thomas D, Thirumaran A, Mallard B, Chen X, Browne S, Wheatley AM, O'Brien T and Pandit A: Variability in endogenous perfusion recovery of immunocompromised mouse models of limb ischemia. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 22:370–381. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Ye Q, Zhang J, Zhang C, Yi B, Kazama K, Liu W, Sun X, Liu Y and Sun J: Endothelial PRMT5 plays a crucial role in angiogenesis after acute ischemic injury. JCI Insight. 7:e1524812022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Wang CL, Wang Y, Jiang QL, Zeng Y, Yao QP, Liu X, Li T and Jiang J: DNase I and sivelestat ameliorate experimental hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion injury by eliminating neutrophil extracellular traps. J Inflamm Res. 16:707–721. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Yang Y, Xiao L, Chen N, Li Y, Deng X, Wang L, Sun H and Wu J: Platelet-derived factor V promotes angiogenesis in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. J Vasc Surg. 65:1180–1188.e1. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Zhu W, Xie N, Li Z, Wang X, Bi K, Zhu K, Dai R, Gao L, Wang Y, Li Y, et al: Endothelial SRSF1 promotes ischemia-induced angiogenesis via ATF3-KLF2-S1PR1 pathway. Circ Res. 137:1498–1521. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Khan TJ, Meade R, Elizondo-Benedetto S, Belaygorod L, Saffaf O, Rusconi B, Hsu FF, Adak S, Arif B, Zaghloul MS, et al: Endothelial CEPT1 promotes angiogenesis through PPARα and VEGF-A signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 46:195–209. 2026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Wilkerson JL, Basu SK, Stiles MA, Prislovsky A, Grambergs RC, Nicholas SE, Karamichos D, Allegood JC, Proia RL and Mandal N: Ablation of sphingosine kinase 1 protects cornea from neovascularization in a mouse corneal injury model. Cells. 11:29142022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Zeng Z, Li S, Ye X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhang J, Wang Q, Chen L, et al: Genome editing VEGFA prevents corneal neovascularization in vivo. Adv Sci (Weinh). 11:e24017102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Li Q, Hua X, Li L, Zhou X, Tian Y, Deng Y, Zhang M, Yuan X and Chi W: AIP1 suppresses neovascularization by inhibiting the NOX4-induced NLRP3/NLRP6 imbalance in a murine corneal alkali burn model. Cell Commun Signal. 20:592022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Li Z, Huang W, Zhang M, Huo Y, Li F, Song L, Wu S, Yang Q, Li X, Zhang J, et al: Minocycline-loaded nHAP/PLGA microspheres for prevention of injury-related corneal angiogenesis. J Nanobiotechnology. 22:1342024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Albuquerque RJ, Hayashi T, Cho WG, Kleinman ME, Dridi S, Takeda A, Baffi JZ, Yamada K, Kaneko H, Green MG, et al: Alternatively spliced VEGF receptor-2 is an essential endogenous inhibitor of lymphatic vessels. Nat Med. 15:1023–1030. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Kiesewetter A, Cursiefen C, Eming SA and Hos D: Phase-specific functions of macrophages determine injury-mediated corneal hem- and lymphangiogenesis. Sci Rep. 9:3082019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Chen W, Guo J, Guo H, Kong X, Bai J and Long P: Protective effect of vitamin C against infancy rat corneal injury caused by acute UVB irradiation. BioMed Res Int. 2020:80892732020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Bonelli F, Moosavizadeh S, Fasolo E, Di Nella A, Barbaro V, Zorzi I, Krampera M, Tothova JD, Ponzin D, Ritter T, et al: Development and optimization of an ex vivo model of corneal epithelium damage with 1-heptanol: Investigating the influence of donor clinical parameters and MSC-sEV treatment on healing capacity. Ocul Surf. 36:224–236. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Kather JN and Kroll J: Transgenic mouse models of corneal neovascularization: New perspectives for angiogenesis research. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 55:7637–7651. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Uemura A, Fruttiger M, D'Amore PA, De Falco S, Joussen AM, Sennlaub F, Brunck LR, Johnson KT, Lambrou GN, Rittenhouse KD and Langmann T: VEGFR1 signaling in retinal angiogenesis and microinflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res. 84:1009542021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Pugazhendhi A, Hubbell M, Jairam P and Ambati B: Neovascular macular degeneration: A review of etiology, risk factors, and recent advances in research and therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 22:11702021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Connor KM, Krah NM, Dennison RJ, Aderman CM, Chen J, Guerin KI, Sapieha P, Stahl A, Willett KL and Smith LEH: Quantification of oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse: A model of vessel loss, vessel regrowth and pathological angiogenesis. Nat Protoc. 4:1565–1573. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Yuan H, Chen S, Duncan MR, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW, Dalton Dietrich W, Chou TH, Benny M, Schmidt AF, Young K, et al: IC100, a humanized therapeutic monoclonal anti-ASC antibody alleviates oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice. Angiogenesis. 27:423–440. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Mezu-Ndubuisi OJ, Macke EL, Kalavacherla R, Nwaba AA, Suscha A, Zaitoun IS, Ikeda A and Sheibani N: Long-term evaluation of retinal morphology and function in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Mol Vis. 26:257–276. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

92 

Yagi H, Boeck M, Nian S, Neilsen K, Wang C, Lee J, Zeng Y, Grumbine M, Sweet IR, Kasai T, et al: Mitochondrial control of hypoxia-induced pathological retinal angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 27:691–699. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Bronson SK, Freeman WM, Gardner TW, Jefferson LS, Kester M, Kimball SR, Krady JK, LaNoue KF, et al: Diabetic retinopathy: Seeing beyond glucose-induced microvascular disease. Diabetes. 55:2401–2411. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Wang Y, Lin W and Ju J: MicroRNA-409-5p promotes retinal neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. Cell Cycle. 19:1314–1325. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Gounari E, Komnenou A, Kofidou E, Nanaki S, Bikiaris D, Almpanidou S, Kouzi K, Karampatakis V and Koliakos G: Intravitreal administration effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells combined with anti-VEGF manocarriers, in a pharmaceutically induced animal model of retinal vein occlusion. Stem Cells Int. 2022:27601472022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Rastoin O, Pages G and Dufies M: Experimental models in neovascular age related macular degeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 21:46272020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Bai W, Yin DP, Chen G, Lu Y, Jiang Q, Li KR, Yao J and Cao C: Endothelial RAB5IF is required for pathological and developmental retinal angiogenesis. Nat Commun. 16:114022025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Zhang H, Wang Z, Wu J, Zheng YQ, Zhao Q, He S, Jiang H, Jiang C, Wang T, Liu Y, et al: Endothelial STING-JAK1 interaction promotes tumor vasculature normalization and antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest. 135:e1806222025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Genova C, Dellepiane C, Carrega P, Sommariva S, Ferlazzo G, Pronzato P, Gangemi R, Filaci G, Coco S and Croce M: Therapeutic implications of tumor microenvironment in lung cancer: Focus on immune checkpoint blockade. Front Immunol. 12:7994552022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Liu H, Qiu Y, Pei X, Chitteti R, Steiner R, Zhang S and Jin ZG: Endothelial specific YY1 deletion restricts tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Sci Rep. 10:204932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Bimonte S, Barbieri A, Rea D, Palma G, Luciano A, Cuomo A, Arra C and Izzo F: Morphine promotes tumor angiogenesis and increases breast cancer progression. BioMed Res Int. 2015:1615082015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Ziegler ME, Hatch MMS, Wu N, Muawad SA and Hughes CC: mTORC2 mediates CXCL12-induced angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 19:359–371. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Corriveau J, Monot P, Delisle C, Goyette MA, Gasse C, El Bakkouri Y, Hoang T, Cote JF and Gratton JP: Inhibition of PAK2 in endothelial cells suppresses tumor angiogenesis and promotes immune sensitization through CXCL10. Cell Rep. 45:1168402026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

West JB: Marcello Malpighi and the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 304:L383–L390. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Rubin H: The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:14389–14396. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Kundekova B, Macajova M, Meta M, Cavarga I and Bilcik B: Chorioallantoic membrane models of various avian species: Differences and applications. Biology (Basel). 10:3012021.PubMed/NCBI

107 

Burggren W and Rojas Antich M: Angiogenesis in the avian embryo chorioallantoic membrane: A perspective on research trends and a case study on toxicant vascular effects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 7:562020.PubMed/NCBI

108 

Hamburger V and Hamilton HL: A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol. 88:49–92. 1951. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Nowak-Sliwinska P, Segura T and Iruela-Arispe ML: The chicken chorioallantoic membrane model in biology, medicine and bioengineering. Angiogenesis. 17:779–804. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Ballasy N, Apantaku I, Dean W and Hemberger M: Off to a good start: The importance of the placental exchange surface-Lessons from the mouse. Dev Biol. 517:248–264. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Downs KM: The mouse allantois: New insights at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 377:202102512022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Garcia GR, Noyes PD and Tanguay RL: Advancements in zebrafish applications for 21st century toxicology. Pharmacol Ther. 161:11–21. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Arana AJ, Gonzalez-Llera L, Barreiro-Iglesias A and Sanchez L: Emerging frontiers in zebrafish embryonic and adult-derived cell lines. Int J Mol Sci. 26:43512025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Tulotta C, He S, van der Ent W, Chen L, Groenewoud A, Spaink HP and Snaar-Jagalska BE: Imaging cancer angiogenesis and metastasis in a zebrafish embryo model. Adv Exp Med Biol. 916:239–263. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Rosa JGS, Lima C and Lopes-Ferreira M: Zebrafish larvae behavior models as a tool for drug screenings and pre-clinical trials: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 23:66472022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Nicoli S, Ribatti D, Cotelli F and Presta M: Mammalian tumor xenografts induce neovascularization in zebrafish embryos. Cancer Res. 67:2927–2931. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Ma AC, Chen Y, Blackburn PR and Ekker SC: TALEN-mediated mutagenesis and genome editing. Methods Mol Biol. 1451:17–30. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Sharma P, Sharma BS and Verma RJ: CRISPR-based genome editing of zebrafish. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 180:69–84. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Li M, Zhao L, Page-McCaw PS and Chen W: Zebrafish genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Trends Genet. 32:815–827. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Cai Y, Li J, Chen Y, Ou Z, Wei J, Long X, Xiong Z, Yang M, He Y, Yan H, et al: G6PD deficiency is implicated in Circle of Willis variants in stroke patients and impairs brain vasculature in zebrafish. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 46:738–752. 2026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Ferrari K, Gurung S, Loges LN, Batta SPR, Hammond MA, Griciunaite M, DeMoya R, Restrepo NK and Sumanas S: Zebrafish Kelch-like family member 4 is required for vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Dev Biol. 525:1–12. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Luo M, Mo D, Li J, Liu L, Li X, Lin J, Liang J, Ye F, Lin X, Wang P, et al: The guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1 deficiency impairs angiogenesis in zebrafishes and mice: In vivo and in vitro studies. Mol Neurobiol. 62:8248–8260. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Meng X, Xing Y, Li J, Deng C, Li Y, Ren X and Zhang D: Rebuilding the vascular network: In vivo and in vitro approaches. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:6392992021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Xiang T, Sun F, Liu T, Zhao J, Yang J, Ouyang D, Chen H, Zhu Q, Wang Q, Li Y, et al: EBV-associated epithelial cancers cells promote vasculogenic mimicry formation via a secretory cross-talk with the immune microenvironment. Theranostics. 14:5123–5140. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Schumacher D and Kramann R: Multiomic spatial mapping of myocardial infarction and implications for personalized therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 43:192–202. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Zeng Q, Mousa M, Nadukkandy AS, Franssens L, Alnaqbi H, Alshamsi FY, Safar HA and Carmeliet P: Understanding tumour endothelial cell heterogeneity and function from single-cell omics. Nat Rev Cancer. 23:544–64. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • Purchase
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yu Q, Hu J, Yuan S, Gan J, Luo M, Wu J and Wang L: Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 58: 205, 2026.
APA
Yu, Q., Hu, J., Yuan, S., Gan, J., Luo, M., Wu, J., & Wang, L. (2026). Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 58, 205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5876
MLA
Yu, Q., Hu, J., Yuan, S., Gan, J., Luo, M., Wu, J., Wang, L."Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58.2 (2026): 205.
Chicago
Yu, Q., Hu, J., Yuan, S., Gan, J., Luo, M., Wu, J., Wang, L."Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58, no. 2 (2026): 205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5876
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yu Q, Hu J, Yuan S, Gan J, Luo M, Wu J and Wang L: Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 58: 205, 2026.
APA
Yu, Q., Hu, J., Yuan, S., Gan, J., Luo, M., Wu, J., & Wang, L. (2026). Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 58, 205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5876
MLA
Yu, Q., Hu, J., Yuan, S., Gan, J., Luo, M., Wu, J., Wang, L."Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58.2 (2026): 205.
Chicago
Yu, Q., Hu, J., Yuan, S., Gan, J., Luo, M., Wu, J., Wang, L."Multi‑scale experimental models for the study of angiogenesis (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58, no. 2 (2026): 205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5876
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team