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International Journal of Molecular Medicine
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Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
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August-2026 Volume 58 Issue 2

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

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Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

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Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

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Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

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International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

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International Journal of Epigenetics

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Review Open Access

Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Bin Tian
    • Xuesong Chen
    • Jiang Zheng
    • Xin Kang

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Sports Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Tian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 231
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    Published online on: June 24, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5902
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Abstract

Skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ, secreting myokines that mediate interorgan communication with bone. Exercise‑induced myokines regulate bone homeostasis by orchestrating osteoblast differentiation, osteoclastogenesis, and osteocyte mechano‑sensing through key signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β‑catenin, mitogen‑activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase/AKT, nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor‑beta/bone morphogenetic protein pathways. The present review provides a critical synthesis of the current evidence and proposes a conceptual framework for the tripartite muscle‑bone‑immune axis, which has not been systematically integrated into previous reviews. Emerging evidence highlights a tripartite muscle‑bone immune axis, wherein myokines modulate immune cells within the bone niche, with dysregulation contributing to age‑related osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Methodological innovations such as multi‑omics, single cell and spatial transcriptomics, organ‑on‑a‑chip platforms, and artificial intelligence are accelerating discovery. The present review synthesizes current knowledge on myokine mediated muscle‑bone crosstalk and evaluates the therapeutic implications for bone disorders.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tian B, Chen X, Zheng J and Kang X: Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 58: 231, 2026.
APA
Tian, B., Chen, X., Zheng, J., & Kang, X. (2026). Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 58, 231. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5902
MLA
Tian, B., Chen, X., Zheng, J., Kang, X."Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58.2 (2026): 231.
Chicago
Tian, B., Chen, X., Zheng, J., Kang, X."Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58, no. 2 (2026): 231. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5902
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tian B, Chen X, Zheng J and Kang X: Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 58: 231, 2026.
APA
Tian, B., Chen, X., Zheng, J., & Kang, X. (2026). Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 58, 231. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5902
MLA
Tian, B., Chen, X., Zheng, J., Kang, X."Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58.2 (2026): 231.
Chicago
Tian, B., Chen, X., Zheng, J., Kang, X."Myokines in exercise‑mediated bone homeostasis: Molecular signaling mechanisms and therapeutic implications for bone disorders (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 58, no. 2 (2026): 231. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5902
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