|
1
|
Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin
S, Troost FJ and Brummer RJ: The role of butyrate on colonic
function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 27:104–119. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
2
|
Macfarlane GT and Macfarlane S:
Fermentation in the human large intestine: its physiologic
consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics. J Clin
Gastroenterol. 45(Suppl): S120–S127. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
3
|
Clarke JM, Young GP, Topping DL, Bird AR,
Cobiac L, Scherer BL, Winkler JG and Lockett TJ: Butyrate delivered
by butyrylated starch increases distal colonic epithelial apoptosis
in carcinogen-treated rats. Carcinogenesis. 33:197–202. 2012.
View Article : Google Scholar :
|
|
4
|
Wang HG, Huang XD, Shen P, Li LR, Xue HT
and Ji GZ: Anticancer effects of sodium butyrate on hepatocellular
carcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med. 31:967–974.
2013.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
5
|
Ruemmele FM, Dionne S, Qureshi I, Sarma
DS, Levy E and Seidman EG: Butyrate mediates Caco-2 cell apoptosis
via upregulation of pro-apoptotic BAK and inducing caspase-3
mediated cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Cell
Death Differ. 6:729–735. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
6
|
Berni Canani R, Di Costanzo M and Leone L:
The epigenetic effects of butyrate: potential therapeutic
implications for clinical practice. Clin Epigenetics. 4:42012.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
7
|
Reuter SE and Evans AM: Carnitine and
acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical
aspects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 51:553–572. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
8
|
Steiber A, Kerner J and Hoppel CL:
Carnitine: a nutritional, biosynthetic, and functional perspective.
Mol Aspects Med. 25:455–473. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
9
|
Hoppel C: The role of carnitine in normal
and altered fatty acid metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis. 41(Suppl 4):
S4–S12. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
10
|
Dionne S, Elimrani I, Roy MJ, Qureshi IA,
Sarma DR, Levy E and Seidman EG: Studies on the chemopreventive
effect of carnitine on tumorigenesis in vivo, using two
experimental murine models of colon cancer. Nutr Cancer.
64:1279–1287. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
11
|
Roy MJ, Dionne S, Marx G, Qureshi I, Sarma
D, Levy E and Seidman EG: In vitro studies on the inhibition of
colon cancer by butyrate and carnitine. Nutrition. 25:1193–1201.
2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
12
|
Elimrani I, Lahjouji K, Seidman E, Roy MJ,
Mitchell GA and Qureshi I: Expression and localization of organic
cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 in Caco-2 cells. Am J Physiol
Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 284:G863–G871. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
13
|
Xu MH and Zhang GY: Effect of indomethacin
on cell cycle proteins in colon cancer cell lines. World J
Gastroenterol. 11:1693–1696. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
14
|
Zhao L, Liu L, Wang S, Zhang YF, Yu L and
Ding YQ: Differential proteomic analysis of human colorectal
carcinoma cell lines metastasis-associated proteins. J Cancer Res
Clin Oncol. 133:771–782. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
15
|
McCloud E, Ma TY, Grant KE, Mathis RK and
Said HM: Uptake of L-carnitine by a human intestinal epithelial
cell line, Caco-2. Gastroenterology. 111:1534–1540. 1996.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
16
|
Koizumi A, Nozaki J, Ohura T, Kayo T, Wada
Y, Nezu J, Ohashi R, Tamai I, Shoji Y, Takada G, et al: Genetic
epidemiology of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 gene in a Japanese
population and phenotypic characterization in Japanese pedigrees
with primary systemic carnitine deficiency. Hum Mol Genet.
8:2247–2254. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
17
|
Lahjouji K, Elimrani I, Lafond J, Leduc L,
Qureshi IA and Mitchell GA: L-Carnitine transport in human
placental brush-border membranes is mediated by the
sodium-dependent organic cation transporter OCTN2. Am J Physiol
Cell Physiol. 287:C263–C269. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
18
|
Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H,
Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M and Tsuji A: Molecular and
physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic
cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 59:358–366.
2001.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
19
|
Virmani A and Binienda Z: Role of
carnitine esters in brain neuropathology. Mol Aspects Med.
25:533–549. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
20
|
Chang B, Nishikawa M, Nishiguchi S and
Inoue M: L-carnitine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis via protection
of mitochondria. Int J Cancer. 113:719–729. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
21
|
Zhang R, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wang T, Niu J,
Cui D and Xu S: Neuroprotective effects of pre-treatment with
l-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on ischemic injury in vivo and
in vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 13:2078–2090. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
22
|
Pettegrew JW, Levine J and McClure RJ:
Acetyl-L-carnitine physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic
properties: relevance for its mode of action in Alzheimer’s disease
and geriatric depression. Mol Psychiatry. 5:616–632. 2000.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
23
|
Branca D, Toninello A, Scutari G, Florian
M, Siliprandi N, Vincenti E and Giron GP: Involvement of long-chain
acyl CoA in the antagonistic effects of halothane and L-carnitine
on mitochondrial energy-linked processes. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun. 139:303–307. 1968. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
24
|
Gulcin I: Antioxidant and antiradical
activities of L-carnitine. Life Sci. 78:803–811. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
25
|
Huang H, Liu N, Guo H, Liao S, Li X, Yang
C, Liu S, Song W, Liu C, Guan L, et al: L-carnitine is an
endogenous HDAC inhibitor selectively inhibiting cancer cell growth
in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One. 7:e490622012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
26
|
Pisano C, Pratesi G, Laccabue D, Zunino F,
Lo Giudice P, Bellucci A, Pacifici L, Camerini B, Vesci L,
Castorina M, et al: Paclitaxel and cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity:
a protective role of acetyl-L-carnitine. Clin Cancer Res.
9:5756–5767. 2003.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
27
|
Pascale E, Battiloro E, Cimino Reale G,
Pietrobono R, Pomponi MG, Chiurazzi P, Nicolai R, Calvani M, Neri G
and D’Ambrosio E: Modulation of methylation in the FMR1 promoter
region after long term treatment with L-carnitine and
acetyl-L-carnitine. J Med Genet. 40:e762003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
28
|
Rosca MG, Lemieux H and Hoppel CL:
Mitochondria in the elderly: is acetylcarnitine a rejuvenator? Adv
Drug Deliv Rev. 61:1332–1342. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
29
|
Tabolacci E, Pietrobono R, Moscato U,
Oostra BA, Chiurazzi P and Neri G: Differential epigenetic
modifications in the FMR1 gene of the fragile X syndrome after
reactivating pharmacological treatments. Eur J Hum Genet.
13:641–648. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
30
|
Loots DT, Mienie LJ, Bergh JJ and Van der
Schyf CJ: AcetylL-carnitine prevents total body hydroxyl free
radical and uric acid production induced by
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine (MPTP) in the rat.
Life Sci. 75:1243–1253. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
31
|
Boerrigter ME, Franceschi C,
Arrigoni-Martelli E, Wei JY and Vijg J: The effect of L-carnitine
and acetyl-L-carnitine on the disappearance of DNA single-strand
breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis.
14:2131–2136. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
32
|
Schinetti ML, Rossini D, Greco R and
Bertelli A: Protective action of acetylcarnitine on NADPH-induced
lipid peroxidation of cardiac microsomes. Drugs Exp Clin Res.
13:509–515. 1987.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
33
|
Pisano C, Vesci L, Milazzo FM, Guglielmi
MB, Fodera R, Barbarino M, D’Incalci M, Zucchetti M, Petrangolini
G, Tortoreto M, et al: Metabolic approach to the enhancement of
antitumor effect of chemotherapy: a key role of acetyl-L-carnitine.
Clin Cancer Res. 16:3944–3953. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
34
|
Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI,
Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M and Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine
transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its
pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
291:7787–84. 1999.
|
|
35
|
Glube N, Closs E and Langguth P:
OCTN2-mediated carnitine uptake in a newly discovered human
proximal tubule cell line (Caki-1). Mol Pharm. 4:160–168. 2007.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
36
|
Lahjouji K, Mitchell GA and Qureshi IA:
Carnitine transport by organic cation transporters and systemic
carnitine deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 73:2872–2897. 2001.
View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
37
|
Cano MM, Calonge ML and Ilundain AA:
Expression of OCTN2 and OCTN3 in the apical membrane of rat renal
cortex and medulla. J Cell Physiol. 223:451–459. 2010.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
38
|
Tachikawa M, Takeda Y, Tomi M and Hosoya
K: Involvement of OCTN2 in the transport of acetyl-L-carnitine
across the inner blood-retinal barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
51:430–436. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
39
|
Nakanishi T, Hatanaka T, Huang W, Prasad
PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy ME and Ganapathy V: Na+- and
Cl−-coupled active transport of carnitine by the amino
acid transporter ATB(0,+) from mouse colon expressed in HRPE cells
and Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol. 532:297–304. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
40
|
Nakanishi T, Kekuda R, Fei YJ, Hatanaka T,
Sugawara M, Martindale RG, Leibach FH, Prasad PD and Ganapathy V:
Cloning and functional characterization of a new subtype of the
amino acid transport system N. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.
281:C1757–C1768. 2001.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
41
|
Karunakaran S, Umapathy NS, Thangaraju M,
Hatanaka T, Itagaki S, Munn DH, Prasad PD and Ganapathy V:
Interaction of tryptophan derivatives with SLC6A14
(ATB0,+) reveals the potential of the transporter as a
drug target for cancer chemotherapy. Biochem J. 414:343–355. 2008.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
42
|
Madiraju P, Pande SV, Prentki M and
Madiraju SR: Mitochondrial acetylcarnitine provides acetyl groups
for nuclear histone acetylation. Epigenetics. 4:399–403. 2009.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
43
|
Hu S, Dong TS, Dalal SR, Wu F, Bissonnette
M, Kwon JH, Chang EB, et al: The microbe-derived short chain fatty
acid butyrate targets miRNA-dependent p21 gene expression in human
colon cancer. PLoS One. 6:e162212011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
44
|
Crim KC, Sanders LM, Hong MY, Taddeo SS,
Turner ND, Chapkin RS and Lupton JR: Upregulation of
p21Waf1/Cip1 expression in vivo by butyrate
administration can be chemoprotective or chemopromotive depending
on the lipid component of the diet. Carcinogenesis. 29:1415–1420.
2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
45
|
Hartman J, Edvardsson K, Lindberg K, Zhao
C, Williams C, Strom A and Gustafsson JA: Tumor repressive
functions of estrogen receptor beta in SW480 colon cancer cells.
Cancer Res. 69:6100–6106. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
46
|
Bottomly D, Kyler SL, McWeeney SK and
Yochum GS: Identification of {beta}-catenin binding regions in
colon cancer cells using ChIP-Seq. Nucleic Acids Res. 5735–5745.
2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
47
|
Ravichandran K, Velmurugan B, Gu M, Singh
RP and Agarwal R: Inhibitory effect of silibinin against
azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Clin Cancer
Res. 16:4595–4606. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
48
|
Nepelska M, Cultrone A, Béguet-Crespel F,
Le Roux K, Doré J, Arulampalam V and Blottière HM: Butyrate
produced by commensal bacteria potentiates phorbol esters induced
AP-1 response in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One.
7:e528692012. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
49
|
Schwab M, Reynders V, Steinhilber D and
Stein J: Combined treatment of Caco-2 cells with butyrate and
mesalazine inhibits cell proliferation and reduces survivin protein
level. Cancer Lett. 273:98–106. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
50
|
Roscilli G, Marra E, Mori F, Di Napoli A,
Mancini R, Serlupi-Crescenzi O, Virmani A, Aurisicchio L and
Ciliberto G: Carnitines slow down tumor development of colon cancer
in the DMH-chemical carcinogenesis mouse model. J Cell Biochem.
114:1665–1673. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
