Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
September-2017 Volume 51 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2017 Volume 51 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells

  • Authors:
    • Stefania D'Angelo
    • Elisa Martino
    • Concetta Paola Ilisso
    • Maria Libera Bagarolo
    • Marina Porcelli
    • Giovanna Cacciapuoti
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, Parthenope University, Naples, Italy, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and General Pathology, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
  • Pages: 939-948
    |
    Published online on: July 31, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4088
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Among nutraceuticals, polyphenols represent the most intriguing and studied class of compounds that can be therapeutics for a large spectrum of the most common diseases, including cancer. Although polyphenols are well known as potent antioxidants, a pro-oxidant effect has been associated with a pro-apoptotic function of these compounds in various types of tumor cells. Annurca apple, a southern Italian variety, is characterized by an extremely high content of polyphenols and displays a stronger antioxidant activity compared with other varieties. In the present study we explored the antiproliferative effect of Annurca apple polyphenol extract (APE) in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and we investigated the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that at 500 µM catechin equivalent (EqC) APE acts as a pro-oxidant increasing thiobarbituric acid-reactive species cell content of approximately 6-fold more than the untreated cells. We found that APE strongly inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cells by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that APE treatment increases the levels of p53 and p21, downregulates the expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1, and inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, APE treatment caused a marked increase of pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio paralleled by caspase-9, -6, -7, and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. Altogether our data indicate that APE, at elevated concentrations, acts as a potent pro-oxidant and antiproliferative agent able to downregulate ERK1/2 pathway leading to cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis and provides a rationale for its potential use in the development of novel therapeutics towards breast cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Reczek CR and Chandel NS: The two faces of reactive oxygen species in cancer. Annu Rev Cancer Biol. 1:79–98. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Wang P, Yang HL, Yang YJ, Wang L and Lee SC: Overcome cancer cell drug resistance using natural products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015:7671362015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Li L and Leung PS: Use of herbal medicines and natural products: An alternative approach to overcoming the apoptotic resistance of pancreatic cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 53:224–236. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Hemaiswarya S and Doble M: Potential synergism of natural products in the treatment of cancer. Phytother Res. 20:239–249. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

León-González AJ, Auger C and Schini-Kerth VB: Pro-oxidant activity of polyphenols and its implication on cancer chemo-prevention and chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 98:371–380. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Rengarajan T and Yaacob NS: The flavonoid fisetin as an anticancer agent targeting the growth signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol. 789:8–16. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Batra P and Sharma AK: Anti-cancer potential of flavonoids: Recent trends and future perspectives. 3 Biotech. 3:439–459. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Khan HY, Zubair H, Ullah MF, Ahmad A and Hadi SM: A prooxidant mechanism for the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of plant polyphenols. Curr Drug Targets. 13:1738–1749. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Crozier A, Jaganath IB and Clifford MN: Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Nat Prod Rep. 26:1001–1043. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Vauzour D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Corona G, Oruna-Concha MJ and Spencer JP: Polyphenols and human health: Prevention of disease and mechanisms of action. Nutrients. 2:1106–1131. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Boyer J and Liu RH: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutr J. 3:52004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kern M, Tjaden Z, Ngiewih Y, Puppel N, Will F, Dietrich H, Pahlke G and Marko D: Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor in apple juice extract. Mol Nutr Food Res. 49:317–328. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X and Liu RH: Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 50:7449–7454. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Tow WW, Premier R, Jing H and Ajlouni S: Antioxidant and antiproliferation effects of extractable and nonextractable polyphenols isolated from apple waste using different extraction methods. J Food Sci. 76:T163–T172. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Lo Scalzo R, Testoni A and Genna A: 'Annurca' apple fruit, a southern Italy apple cultivar: Textural properties and aroma composition. Food Chem. 73:333–343. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Napolitano A, Cascone A, Graziani G, Ferracane R, Scalfi L, Di Vaio C, Ritieni A and Fogliano V: Influence of variety and storage on the polyphenol composition of apple flesh. J Agric Food Chem. 52:6526–6531. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Tenore GC, Campiglia P, Stiuso P, Ritieni A and Novellino E: Nutraceutical potential of polyphenolic fractions from Annurca apple (M. pumila Miller cv Annurca). Food Chem. 140:614–622. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Fini L, Piazzi G, Daoud Y, Selgrad M, Maegawa S, Garcia M, Fogliano V, Romano M, Graziani G, Vitaglione P, et al: Chemoprevention of intestinal polyps in ApcMin/+ mice fed with western or balanced diets by drinking Annurca apple polyphenol extract. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 4:907–915. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Fini L, Selgrad M, Fogliano V, Graziani G, Romano M, Hotchkiss E, Daoud YA, De Vol EB, Boland CR and Ricciardiello L: Annurca apple polyphenols have potent demethylating activity and can reactivate silenced tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer cells. J Nutr. 137:2622–2628. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

20 

D'Angelo S, La Porta R, Napolitano M, Galletti P, Quagliuolo L and Boccellino M: Effect of Annurca apple polyphenols on human HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. J Med Food. 15:1024–1031. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wang S, Bai L, Lu J, Liu L, Yang CY and Sun H: Targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) for new breast cancer therapeutics. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 17:217–228. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Dou QP: Molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols. Nutr Cancer. 61:827–835. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Singleton VL, Orthofer R and Lamuela-Raventos RM: Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol. 299:152–178. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

D'Angelo S, Cimmino A, Raimo M, Salvatore A, Zappia V and Galletti P: Effect of reddening-ripening on the antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts from cv. 'Annurca' apple fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 55:9977–9985. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

D'Angelo S and Sammartino D: Protective effect of Annurca apple extract against oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 11:248–256. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Vermes I, Haanen C, Steffens-Nakken H and Reutelingsperger C: A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled Annexin V. J Immunol Methods. 184:39–51. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Gago-Dominguez M, Jiang X and Castelao JE: Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress genes and dietary factors in breast cancer protection: A hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res. 9:201–211. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Fantini M, Benvenuto M, Masuelli L, Frajese GV, Tresoldi I, Modesti A and Bei R: In vitro and in vivo antitumoral effects of combinations of polyphenols, or polyphenols and anticancer drugs: Perspectives on cancer treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 16:9236–9282. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Min NY, Kim JH, Choi JH, Liang W, Ko YJ, Rhee S, Bang H, Ham SW, Park AJ and Lee KH: Selective death of cancer cells by preferential induction of reactive oxygen species in response to (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 421:91–97. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Casanova F, Quarti J, da Costa DC, Ramos CA, da Silva JL and Fialho E: Resveratrol chemosensitizes breast cancer cells to melphalan by cell cycle arrest. J Cell Biochem. 113:2586–2596. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lee HP, Li TM, Tsao JY, Fong YC and Tang CH: Curcumin induces cell apoptosis in human chondrosarcoma through extrinsic death receptor pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 13:163–169. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Etienne-Selloum N, Dandache I, Sharif T, Auger C and Schini-Kerth VB: Polyphenolic compounds targeting p53-family tumor suppressors: current progress and challenges. Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene. Cheng Y: InTech; pp. 129–166. 2013, https://doi.org/10.5772/56102.

33 

Taylor WR and Stark GR: Regulation of the G2/M transition by p53. Oncogene. 20:1803–1815. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Zhang X, Min KW, Wimalasena J and Baek SJ: Cyclin D1 degradation and p21 induction contribute to growth inhibition of colorectal cancer cells induced by epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 138:2051–2060. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Sherr CJ: D-type cyclins. Trends Biochem Sci. 20:187–190. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Yang K, Hitomi M and Stacey DW: Variations in cyclin D1 levels through the cell cycle determine the proliferative fate of a cell. Cell Div. 1:322006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Alao JP: The regulation of cyclin D1 degradation: Roles in cancer development and the potential for therapeutic invention. Mol Cancer. 6:242007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Cagnol S and Chambard JC: ERK and cell death: Mechanisms of ERK-induced cell death - apoptosis, autophagy and senescence. FEBS J. 277:2–21. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Chaparro M, González Moreno L, Trapero-Marugán M, Medina J and Moreno-Otero R: Review article: Pharmacological therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with sorafenib and other oral agents. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 28:1269–1277. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Briviba K, Pan L and Rechkemmer G: Red wine polyphenols inhibit the growth of colon carcinoma cells and modulate the activation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Nutr. 132:2814–2818. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Granado-Serrano AB, Martín MA, Bravo L, Goya L and Ramos S: Quercetin induces apoptosis via caspase activation, regulation of Bcl-2, and inhibition of PI-3-kinase/Akt and ERK pathways in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). J Nutr. 136:2715–2721. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Hardwick JM and Soane L: Multiple functions of BCL-2 family proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 5:pii: a008722. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Babich H, Schuck AG, Weisburg JH and Zuckerbraun HL: Research strategies in the study of the pro-oxidant nature of polyphenol nutraceuticals. J Toxicol. 2011:4673052011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Trachootham D, Lu W, Ogasawara MA, Nilsa RD and Huang P: Redox regulation of cell survival. Antioxid Redox Signal. 10:1343–1374. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Burch PM and Heintz NH: Redox regulation of cell-cycle re-entry: Cyclin D1 as a primary target for the mitogenic effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Antioxid Redox Signal. 7:741–751. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Fasanaro P, Magenta A, Zaccagnini G, Cicchillitti L, Fucile S, Eusebi F, Biglioli P, Capogrossi MC and Martelli F: Cyclin D1 degradation enhances endothelial cell survival upon oxidative stress. FASEB J. 20:1242–1244. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Budanov AV: The role of tumor suppressor p53 in the antioxidant defense and metabolism. Subcell Biochem. 85:337–358. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Wu GS: The functional interactions between the p53 and MAPK signaling pathways. Cancer Biol Ther. 3:156–161. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
D'Angelo S, Martino E, Ilisso CP, Bagarolo ML, Porcelli M and Cacciapuoti G: Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 51: 939-948, 2017.
APA
D'Angelo, S., Martino, E., Ilisso, C.P., Bagarolo, M.L., Porcelli, M., & Cacciapuoti, G. (2017). Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 51, 939-948. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4088
MLA
D'Angelo, S., Martino, E., Ilisso, C. P., Bagarolo, M. L., Porcelli, M., Cacciapuoti, G."Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 51.3 (2017): 939-948.
Chicago
D'Angelo, S., Martino, E., Ilisso, C. P., Bagarolo, M. L., Porcelli, M., Cacciapuoti, G."Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 51, no. 3 (2017): 939-948. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4088
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
D'Angelo S, Martino E, Ilisso CP, Bagarolo ML, Porcelli M and Cacciapuoti G: Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 51: 939-948, 2017.
APA
D'Angelo, S., Martino, E., Ilisso, C.P., Bagarolo, M.L., Porcelli, M., & Cacciapuoti, G. (2017). Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 51, 939-948. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4088
MLA
D'Angelo, S., Martino, E., Ilisso, C. P., Bagarolo, M. L., Porcelli, M., Cacciapuoti, G."Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 51.3 (2017): 939-948.
Chicago
D'Angelo, S., Martino, E., Ilisso, C. P., Bagarolo, M. L., Porcelli, M., Cacciapuoti, G."Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 51, no. 3 (2017): 939-948. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4088
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team