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International Journal of Oncology
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Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
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Review Open Access

Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Giulia C. Leonardi
    • Luca Falzone
    • Rossella Salemi
    • Antonino Zanghì
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • James A. Mccubrey
    • Saverio Candido
    • Massimo Libra
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology ‘G.F. Ingrassia’, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
    Copyright: © Leonardi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1071-1080
    |
    Published online on: February 27, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
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Abstract

In less than 10 years, melanoma treatment has been revolutionized with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have been shown to have a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with melanoma. The early steps of this transformation have taken place in research laboratories. The mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, phosphoinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K) pathway promote the development of melanoma through numerous genomic alterations on different components of these pathways. Moreover, melanoma cells deeply interact with the tumor microenvironment and the immune system. This knowledge has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. In this review, the epidemiological features of cutaneous melanoma along with the biological mechanisms involved in its development and progression are summarized. The current state‑of‑the‑art of advanced stage melanoma treatment strategies and the currently available evidence of the use of predictive and prognostic biomarkers are also discussed.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Leonardi GC, Falzone L, Salemi R, Zanghì A, Spandidos DA, Mccubrey JA, Candido S and Libra M: Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 52: 1071-1080, 2018.
APA
Leonardi, G.C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D.A., Mccubrey, J.A. ... Libra, M. (2018). Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 52, 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
MLA
Leonardi, G. C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D. A., Mccubrey, J. A., Candido, S., Libra, M."Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 52.4 (2018): 1071-1080.
Chicago
Leonardi, G. C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D. A., Mccubrey, J. A., Candido, S., Libra, M."Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 52, no. 4 (2018): 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Leonardi GC, Falzone L, Salemi R, Zanghì A, Spandidos DA, Mccubrey JA, Candido S and Libra M: Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 52: 1071-1080, 2018.
APA
Leonardi, G.C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D.A., Mccubrey, J.A. ... Libra, M. (2018). Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 52, 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
MLA
Leonardi, G. C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D. A., Mccubrey, J. A., Candido, S., Libra, M."Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 52.4 (2018): 1071-1080.
Chicago
Leonardi, G. C., Falzone, L., Salemi, R., Zanghì, A., Spandidos, D. A., Mccubrey, J. A., Candido, S., Libra, M."Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 52, no. 4 (2018): 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4287
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