Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
September-2020 Volume 57 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2020 Volume 57 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ruilin Ding
    • Longxia Chen
    • Zhou Su
    • Tengqiong Xiong
    • Qinglian Wen
    • Qing Peng
    • Feng Jiang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Institute of Drug Clinical Trial/GCP Center, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, Institute of Drug Clinical Trial/GCP Center, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
  • Pages: 665-677
    |
    Published online on: June 29, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2020.5091
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Brain metastasis (BM) is associated with a poor prognosis, with the typical overall survival rate ranging from weeks to months in the absence of treatment. Although the concept of immune privilege in the central nervous system has eroded over time, the advent of immunotherapy has opened a new set of potential therapeutic options for patients with BM. Recently, immunotherapy has been demonstrated to confer survival advantages to patients with multiple malignancies commonly associated with BMs. Data from a number of clinical trials have demonstrated that immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective for patients with BM. In addition, cellular therapies, including the application of chimeric antigen receptors T‑cell therapy and dendritic cell vaccine, have also been utilized in the treatment of BM. In the present review, preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the applicability of immunotherapy for the treatment of BMs from melanoma, non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were examined, where the challenges and safety of this treatment modality were also discussed.
View Figures
View References

1 

Tabouret E, Chinot O, Metellus P, Tallet A, Viens P and Gonçalves A: Recent trends in epidemiology of brain metastases: An overview. Anticancer Res. 32:4655–4662. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kamath SD and Kumthekar PU: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) Metastatic Disease. Front Oncol. 8:4142018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Hartgerink D, van der Heijden B, De Ruysscher D, Postma A, Ackermans L, Hoeben A, Anten M, Lambin P, Terhaag K, Jochems A, et al: Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Management of Patients With Brain Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Indications, Decision Tools and Future Directions. Front Oncol. 8:1542018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Sevenich L: Turning 'Cold' Into 'Hot' Tumors-Opportunities and Challenges for Radio-Immunotherapy Against Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancers. Front Oncol. 9:1632019. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Akhavan D, Alizadeh D, Wang D, Weist MR, Shepphird JK and Brown CE: CAR T cells for brain tumors: Lessons learned and road ahead. Immunol Rev. 290:60–84. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Keskin DB, Anandappa AJ, Sun J, Tirosh I, Mathewson ND, Li S, Oliveira G, Giobbie-Hurder A, Felt K, Gjini E, et al: Neoantigen vaccine generates intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glio-blastoma trial. Nature. 565:234–239. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Majzner RG, Theruvath JL, Nellan A, Heitzeneder S, Cui Y, Mount CW, Rietberg SP, Linde MH, Xu P, Rota C, et al: CAR T Cells Targeting B7-H3, a Pan-Cancer Antigen, Demonstrate Potent Preclinical Activity Against Pediatric Solid Tumors and Brain Tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 25:2560–2574. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Iorgulescu JB, Harary M, Zogg CK, Ligon KL, Reardon DA, Hodi FS, Aizer AA and Smith TR: Improved Risk-Adjusted Survival for Melanoma Brain Metastases in the Era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapies: Results from a National Cohort. Cancer Immunol Res. 6:1039–1045. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Di Giacomo AM, Ascierto PA, Queirolo P, Pilla L, Ridolfi R, Santinami M, Testori A, Simeone E, Guidoboni M, Maurichi A, et al: Three-year follow-up of advanced melanoma patients who received ipilimumab plus fotemustine in the Italian Network for Tumor Biotherapy (NIBIT)-M1 phase II study. Ann Oncol. 26:798–803. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Lauko A, Thapa B, Venur VA and Ahluwalia MS: Management of Brain Metastases in the New Era of Checkpoint Inhibition. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 18:702018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Sharpe AH and Pauken KE: The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway. Nat Rev Immunol. 18:153–167. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Seidel JA, Otsuka A and Kabashima K: Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations. Front Oncol. 8:862018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Goodman AM, Kato S, Bazhenova L, Patel SP, Frampton GM, Miller V, Stephens PJ, Daniels GA and Kurzrock R: Tumor Mutational Burden as an Independent Predictor of Response to Immunotherapy in Diverse Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther. 16:2598–2608. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Omuro A, Vlahovic G, Lim M, Sahebjam S, Baehring J, Cloughesy T, Voloschin A, Ramkissoon SH, Ligon KL, Latek R, et al: Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: Results from exploratory phase I cohorts of CheckMate 143. Neurooncol. 20:674–686. 2018.

15 

Banks WA: From blood-brain barrier to blood-brain interface: New opportunities for CNS drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 15:275–292. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kipnis J: Multifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system. Science. 353:766–771. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Sampson JH, Maus MV and June CH: Immunotherapy for Brain Tumors. J Clin Oncol. 35:2450–2456. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Engelhardt B, Vajkoczy P and Weller RO: The movers and shapers in immune privilege of the CNS. Nat Immunol. 18:123–131. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Preusser M, Lim M, Hafler DA, Reardon DA and Sampson JH: Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol. 11:504–514. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

El Rassy E, Farhat F and Kattan J: The forgotten role of adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in preventing melanoma brain metastasis. Immunotherapy. 10:1289–1291. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Koelzer VH, Rothschild SI, Zihler D, Wicki A, Willi B, Willi N, Voegeli M, Cathomas G, Zippelius A and Mertz KD: Systemic inflammation in a melanoma patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors-an autopsy study. J Immunother Cancer. 4:132016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Berghoff AS, Fuchs E, Ricken G, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Spanberger T, Hackl M, Widhalm G, Dieckmann K, Prayer D, et al: Density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with extent of brain edema and overall survival time in patients with brain metastases. OncoImmunology. 5:e10573882015. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Kluger HM, Zito CR, Barr ML, Baine MK, Chiang VL, Sznol M, Rimm DL, Chen L and Jilaveanu LB: Characterization of PD-L1 Expression and Associated T-cell Infiltrates in Metastatic Melanoma Samples from Variable Anatomic Sites. Clin Cancer Res. 21:3052–3060. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Abate-Daga D, Ramello MC, Smalley I, Forsyth PA and Smalley KSM: The biology and therapeutic management of melanoma brain metastases. Biochem Pharmacol. 153:35–45. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar :

25 

Lehrer EJ, McGee HM, Peterson JL, Vallow L, Ruiz-Garcia H, Zaorsky NG, Sharma S and Trifiletti DM: Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Brain Metastases. Int J Mol Sci. 19:30542018. View Article : Google Scholar :

26 

Darvin P, Toor SM, Sasidharan Nair V and Elkord E: Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Recent progress and potential biomarkers. Exp Mol Med. 50:1–11. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Eggermont AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob JJ, Dummer R, Wolchok JD, Schmidt H, Hamid O, Robert C, Ascierto PA, Richards JM, et al: Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 16:522–530. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Leighl NB, Hellmann MD, Hui R, Carcereny E, Felip E, Ahn MJ, Eder JP, Balmanoukian AS, Aggarwal C, Horn L, et al: Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-001): 3-year results from an open-label, phase 1 study. Lancet Respir Med. 7:347–357. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Horn L, Spigel DR, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Ready N, Steins M, Poddubskaya E, Borghaei H, Felip E, Paz-Ares L, et al: Nivolumab Versus Docetaxel in Previously Treated Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Two-Year Outcomes From Two Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III Trials (CheckMate 017 and CheckMate 057). J Clin Oncol. 35:3924–3933. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Larkin J, Hodi FS and Wolchok JD: Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 373:1270–1271. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crinò L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, et al: Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 373:123–135. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Topalian SLF, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, et al: Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2443–2454. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lanier CM, Hughes R, Ahmed T, LeCompte M, Masters AH, Petty WJ, Ruiz J, Triozzi P, Su J, O'Neill S, et al: Immunotherapy is associated with improved survival and decreased neurologic death after SRS for brain metastases from lung and melanoma primaries. Neurooncol Pract. 6:402–409. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Rossi S, Finocchiaro G, Marchetti S, Toschi L and Santoro A: Checkpoint inhibitors: 'raising the bar' also in brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer? Immunotherapy. 10:403–410. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Margolin K, Ernstoff MS, Hamid O, Lawrence D, McDermott D, Puzanov I, Wolchok JD, Clark JI, Sznol M, Logan TF, et al: Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: An open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 13:459–465. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Di Giacomo AM, Ascierto PA, Pilla L, Santinami M, Ferrucci PF, Giannarelli D, Marasco A, Rivoltini L, Simeone E, Nicoletti SV, et al: Ipilimumab and fotemustine in patients with advanced melanoma (NIBIT-M1): An open-label, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 13:879–886. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Queirolo P, Spagnolo F, Ascierto PA, Simeone E, Marchetti P, Scoppola A, Del Vecchio M, Di Guardo L, Maio M, Di Giacomo AM, et al: Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma and brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 118:109–116. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Goldberg SB, Gettinger SN, Mahajan A, Chiang AC, Herbst RS, Sznol M, Tsiouris AJ, Cohen J, Vortmeyer A, Jilaveanu L, et al: Pembrolizumab for patients with melanoma or non-small-cell lung cancer and untreated brain metastases: Early analysis of a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 17:976–983. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kluger HM, Chiang V, Mahajan A, Zito CR, Sznol M, Tran T, Weiss SA, Cohen JV, Yu J, Hegde U, et al: Long-Term Survival of Patients With Melanoma With Active Brain Metastases Treated With Pembrolizumab on a Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 37:52–60. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar :

40 

Gandhi L, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, Esteban E, Felip E, De Angelis F, Domine M, Clingan P, Hochmair MJ, Powell SF, et al KEYNOTE-189 Investigators: Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 378:2078–2092. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Goldman JW, Crino L, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Reckamp K, Pluzanski A, Spigel D, Kohlhaeufl M, Garassino M, Chow LQ, et al: P2.36: Nivolumab (nivo) in Patients (pts) With Advanced (adv) NSCLC and Central Nervous System (CNS) Metastases (mets): Track: Immunotherapy. J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 11:S238–S239. 2016.

42 

Long GV, Atkinson V, Lo S, Sandhu S, Guminski AD, Brown MP, Wilmott JS, Edwards J, Gonzalez M, Scolyer RA, et al: Combination nivolumab and ipilimumab or nivolumab alone in melanoma brain metastases: A multicentre randomised phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 19:672–681. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Crinò L, Bronte G, Bidoli P, Cravero P, Minenza E, Cortesi E, Garassino MC, Proto C, Cappuzzo F, Grossi F, et al: Nivolumab and brain metastases in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 129:35–40. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Bracarda S, Galli L, Maruzzo M, Lo Re G, Buti S, Favaretto A, Di Costanzo F, Sacco C, Merlano M, Mucciarini C, et al: Negative prognostic factors and resulting clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma included in the Italian nivolumab-expanded access program. Future Oncol. 14:1347–1354. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Gadgeel SM, Lukas RV, Goldschmidt J, Conkling P, Park K, Cortinovis D, de Marinis F, Rittmeyer A, Patel JD, von Pawel J, et al: Atezolizumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and history of asymptomatic, treated brain metastases: Exploratory analyses of the phase III OAK study. Lung Cancer. 128:105–112. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Tawbi HA, Forsyth PA, Algazi A, Hamid O, Hodi FS, Moschos SJ, Khushalani NI, Lewis K, Lao CD, Postow MA, et al: Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Melanoma Metastatic to the Brain. N Engl J Med. 379:722–730. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Franceschini D, Franzese C, Navarria P, Ascolese AM, De Rose F, Del Vecchio M, Santoro A and Scorsetti M: Radiotherapy and immunotherapy: Can this combination change the prognosis of patients with melanoma brain metastases? Cancer Treat Rev. 50:1–8. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Zindler JD, Slotman BJ and Lagerwaard FJ: Patterns of distant brain recurrences after radiosurgery alone for newly diagnosed brain metastases: Implications for salvage therapy. Radiother Oncol. 112:212–216. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Golden EB, Pellicciotta I, Demaria S, Barcellos-Hoff MH and Formenti SC: The convergence of radiation and immunogenic cell death signaling pathways. Front Oncol. 2:882012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Ngwa W, Irabor OC, Schoenfeld JD, Hesser J, Demaria S and Formenti SC: Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect. Nat Rev Cancer. 18:313–322. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Lee Y, Auh SL, Wang Y, Burnette B, Wang Y, Meng Y, Beckett M, Sharma R, Chin R, Tu T, et al: Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: Changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood. 114:589–595. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Grass GD, Krishna N and Kim S: The immune mechanisms of abscopal effect in radiation therapy. Curr Probl Cancer. 40:10–24. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Reits EA, Hodge JW, Herberts CA, Groothuis TA, Chakraborty M, Wansley EK, Camphausen K, Luiten RM, de Ru AH, Neijssen J, et al: Radiation modulates the peptide repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces successful antitumor immunotherapy. J Exp Med. 203:1259–1271. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Matsumura S, Wang B, Kawashima N, Braunstein S, Badura M, Cameron TO, Babb JS, Schneider RJ, Formenti SC, Dustin ML, et al: Radiation-induced CXCL16 release by breast cancer cells attracts effector T cells. J Immunol. 181:3099–3107. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Schaue D, Kachikwu EL and McBride WH: Cytokines in radio-biological responses: A review. Radiat Res. 178:505–523. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Sato H, Niimi A, Yasuhara T, Permata TBM, Hagiwara Y, Isono M, Nuryadi E, Sekine R, Oike T, Kakoti S, et al: DNA double-strand break repair pathway regulates PD-L1 expression in cancer cells. Nat Commun. 8:17512017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, Fine GD, Hamid O, Gordon MS, Sosman JA, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Gettinger SN, et al: Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature. 515:563–567. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Kiess AP, Wolchok JD, Barker CA, Postow MA, Tabar V, Huse JT, Chan TA, Yamada Y and Beal K: Stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases in patients receiving ipilimumab: Safety profile and efficacy of combined treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 92:368–375. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Cohen-Inbar O, Shih HH, Xu Z, Schlesinger D and Sheehan JP: The effect of timing of stereotactic radiosurgery treatment of melanoma brain metastases treated with ipilimumab. J Neurosurg. 127:1007–1014. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Diao K, Bian SX, Routman DM, Yu C, Kim PE, Wagle NA, Wong MK, Zada G and Chang EL: Combination ipilimumab and radiosurgery for brain metastases: Tumor, edema, and adverse radiation effects. J Neurosurg. 129:1397–1406. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Acharya S, Mahmood M, Mullen D, Yang D, Tsien CI, Huang J, Perkins SM, Rich K, Chicoine M, Leuthardt E, et al: Distant intracranial failure in melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery in the era of immunotherapy and targeted agents. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2:572–580. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Choong ES, Lo S, Drummond M, Fogarty GB, Menzies AM, Guminski A, Shivalingam B, Clarke K, Long GV and Hong AM: Survival of patients with melanoma brain metastasis treated with stereotactic radiosurgery and active systemic drug therapies. Eur J Cancer. 75:169–178. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Williams NL, Wuthrick EJ, Kim H, Palmer JD, Garg S, Eldredge-Hindy H, Daskalakis C, Feeney KJ, Mastrangelo MJ, Kim LJ, et al: Phase 1 Study of Ipilimumab Combined With Whole Brain Radiation Therapy or Radiosurgery for Melanoma Patients With Brain Metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 99:22–30. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Chen L, Douglass J, Kleinberg L, Ye X, Marciscano AE, Forde PM, Brahmer J, Lipson E, Sharfman W, Hammers H, et al: Concurrent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Melanoma, and Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 100:916–925. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Qian JM, Yu JB, Kluger HM and Chiang VL: Timing and type of immune checkpoint therapy affect the early radiographic response of melanoma brain metastases to stereotactic radio-surgery. Cancer. 122:3051–3058. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

An Y, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Qian JM, Tang C, Fang P, Logan J, D'Souza NM, Haydu LE, Wang XA, et al: Stereotactic radio-surgery of early melanoma brain metastases after initiation of anti-CTLA-4 treatment is associated with improved intracranial control. Radiother Oncol. 125:80–88. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Postow MA, Sidlow R and Hellmann MD: Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. N Engl J Med. 378:158–168. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Weber JS, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD, Topalian SL, Schadendorf D, Larkin J, Sznol M, Long GV, Li H, Waxman IM, et al: Safety Profile of Nivolumab Monotherapy: A Pooled Analysis of Patients With Advanced Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 35:785–792. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Nieder C and Hodi FS: Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases. Lancet Oncol. 13:e277–e278; author reply e277-e278. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Wolchok JD, Neyns B, Linette G, Negrier S, Lutzky J, Thomas L, Waterfield W, Schadendorf D, Smylie M, Guthrie T Jr, et al: Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Oncol. 11:155–164. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Topalian SL, Sznol M, McDermott DF, Kluger HM, Carvajal RD, Sharfman WH, Brahmer JR, Lawrence DP, Atkins MB, Powderly JD, et al: Survival, durable tumor remission, and long-term safety in patients with advanced melanoma receiving nivolumab. J Clin Oncol. 32:1020–1030. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Robert C, Ribas A, Wolchok JDF, Hodi FS, Hamid O, Kefford R, Weber JS, Joshua AM, Hwu WJ, Gangadhar TC, et al: Anti-p rogrammed-death-receptor-1 treatment with pembrolizumab in ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma: A randomised dose-comparison cohort of a phase 1 trial. Lancet. 384:1109–1117. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Ribas A, Puzanov I, Dummer R, Schadendorf D, Hamid O, Robert C, Hodi FS, Schachter J, Pavlick AC, Lewis KD, et al: Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma (KEYNOTE-002): A randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 16:908–918. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Anderson ES, Postow MA, Wolchok JD, Young RJ, Ballangrud Å, Chan TA, Yamada Y and Beal K: Melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery and concurrent pembro-lizumab display marked regression; efficacy and safety of combined treatment. J Immunother Cancer. 5:762017. View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Liniker E, Menzies AM, Kong BY, Cooper A, Ramanujam S, Lo S, Kefford RF, Fogarty GB, Guminski A, Wang TW, et al: Activity and safety of radiotherapy with anti-PD-1 drug therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. OncoImmunology. 5:e12147882016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Gerber NK, Young RJ, Barker CA, Wolchok JD, Chan TA, Yamada Y, Friguglietti L and Beal K: Ipilimumab and whole brain radiation therapy for melanoma brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 121:159–165. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Baskar R, Dai J, Wenlong N, Yeo R and Yeoh KW: Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment. Front Mol Biosci. 1:242014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Colaco RJ, Martin P, Kluger HM, Yu JB and Chiang VL: Does immunotherapy increase the rate of radiation necrosis after radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases? J Neurosurg. 125:17–23. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Martin AM, Cagney DN, Catalano PJ, Alexander BM, Redig AJ, Schoenfeld JD and Aizer AA: Immunotherapy and Symptomatic Radiation Necrosis in Patients With Brain Metastases Treated With Stereotactic Radiation. JAMA Oncol. 4:1123–1124. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Patel KR, Shoukat S, Oliver DE, Chowdhary M, Rizzo M, Lawson DH, Khosa F, Liu Y and Khan MK: Ipilimumab and Stereotactic Radiosurgery Versus Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone for Newly Diagnosed Melanoma Brain Metastases. Am J Clin Oncol. 40:444–450. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Kaidar-Person O, Zagar TM, Deal A, Moschos SJ, Ewend MG, Sasaki-Adams D, Lee CB, Collichio FA, Fried D, Marks LB, et al: The incidence of radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiotherapy for melanoma brain metastases: The potential impact of immunotherapy. Anticancer Drugs. 28:669–675. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Silk AW, Bassetti MF, West BT, Tsien CI and Lao CD: Ipilimumab and radiation therapy for melanoma brain metastases. Cancer Med. 2:899–906. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Mathew M, Tam M, Ott PA, Pavlick AC, Rush SC, Donahue BR, Golfinos JG, Parker EC, Huang PP and Narayana A: Ipilimumab in melanoma with limited brain metastases treated with stereo-tactic radiosurgery. Melanoma Res. 23:191–195. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Stupp R, Taillibert S, Kanner AA, Kesari S, Steinberg DM, Toms SA, Taylor LP, Lieberman F, Silvani A, Fink KL, et al: Maintenance Therapy With Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Temozolomide vs Temozolomide Alone for Glioblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 314:2535–2543. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Wong ET, Lok E and Swanson KD: Clinical benefit in recurrent glioblastoma from adjuvant NovoTTF-100A and TCCC after temozolomide and bevacizumab failure: A preliminary observation. Cancer Med. 4:383–391. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Roselli E, Frieling JS, Thorner K, Ramello MC, Lynch CC and Abate-Daga D: CAR T Engineering: Optimizing Signal Transduction and Effector Mechanisms. BioDrugs: clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy. BioDrugs. 33:647–659. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Rice J, Nagle S, Randall J and Hinson HE: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Related Neurotoxicity: Mechanisms, Clinical Presentation, and Approach to Treatment. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 21:402019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Till BG, Jensen MC, Wang J, Chen EY, Wood BL, Greisman HA, Qian X, James SE, Raubitschek A, Forman SJ, et al: Adoptive immunotherapy for indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma using genetically modified autologous CD20-specific T cells. Blood. 112:2261–2271. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Kershaw MH, Westwood JA, Parker LL, Wang G, Eshhar Z, Mavroukakis SA, White DE, Wunderlich JR, Canevari S, Rogers-Freezer L, et al: A phase I study on adoptive immunotherapy using gene-modified T cells for ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 12:6106–6115. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Maus MV and June CH: Making Better Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Adoptive T-cell Therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 22:1875–1884. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Maude SL, Frey N, Shaw PA, Aplenc R, Barrett DM, Bunin NJ, Chew A, Gonzalez VE, Zheng Z, Lacey SF, et al: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N Engl J Med. 371:1507–1517. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Holzinger A, Barden M and Abken H: The growing world of CAR T cell trials: A systematic review. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 65:1433–1450. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Newick K, O'Brien S, Moon E and Albelda SM: CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors. Annu Rev Med. 68:139–152. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Lee DW, Kochenderfer JN, Stetler-Stevenson M, Cui YK, Delbrook C, Feldman SA, Fry TJ, Orentas R, Sabatino M, Shah NN, et al: T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: A phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet. 385:517–528. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Brown CE, Alizadeh D, Starr R, Weng L, Wagner JR, Naranjo A, Ostberg JR, Blanchard MS, Kilpatrick J, Simpson J, et al: Regression of Glioblastoma after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. N Engl J Med. 375:2561–2569. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Abramson JS, McGree B, Noyes S, Plummer S, Wong C, Chen YB, Palmer E, Albertson T, Ferry JA and Arrillaga-Romany IC: Anti-CD19 CAR T Cells in CNS Diffuse Large-B-Cell Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 377:783–784. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Brown CE, Badie B, Barish ME, Weng L, Ostberg JR, Chang WC, Naranjo A, Starr R, Wagner J, Wright C, et al: Bioactivity and Safety of IL13Rα2-Redirected Chimeric Antigen Receptor CD8+ T Cells in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 21:4062–4072. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

O'Rourke DM, Nasrallah MP, Desai A, Melenhorst JJ, Mansfield K, Morrissette JJD, Martinez-Lage M, Brem S, Maloney E, Shen A, et al: A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glio-blastoma. Sci Transl Med. 9:eaaa09842017. View Article : Google Scholar

99 

Ahmed N, Brawley V, Hegde M, Bielamowicz K, Kalra M, Landi D, Robertson C, Gray TL, Diouf O, Wakefield A, et al: HER2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Glioblastoma: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial. JAMA Oncol. 3:1094–1101. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Priceman SJ, Tilakawardane D, Jeang B, Aguilar B, Murad JP, Park AK, Chang W-C, Ostberg JR, Neman J, Jandial R, et al: Regional Delivery of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered T Cells Effectively Targets HER2+ Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Brain. Clin Cancer Res. 24:95–105. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Reardon DA and Mitchell DA: The development of dendritic cell vaccine-based immunotherapies for glioblastoma. Semin Immunopathol. 39:225–239. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Li M, Han S and Shi X: In situ dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of glioma and literature review. Tumour Biol. 37:1797–1801. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Kyte JA, Mu L, Aamdal S, Kvalheim G, Dueland S, Hauser M, Gullestad HP, Ryder T, Lislerud K, Hammerstad H, et al: Phase I/II trial of melanoma therapy with dendritic cells transfected with autologous tumor-mRNA. Cancer Gene Ther. 13:905–918. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Antonios JP, Everson RG and Liau LM: Dendritic cell immunotherapy for brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 123:425–432. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Liau LM, Prins RM, Kiertscher SM, Odesa SK, Kremen TJ, Giovannone AJ, Lin JW, Chute DJ, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF, et al: Dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients induces systemic and intracranial T-cell responses modulated by the local central nervous system tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res. 11:5515–5525. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Fadul CE, Fisher JL, Hampton TH, Lallana EC, Li Z, Gui J, Szczepiorkowski ZM, Tosteson TD, Rhodes CH, Wishart HA, et al: Immune response in patients with newly diagnosed glio-blastoma multiforme treated with intranodal autologous tumor lysate-dendritic cell vaccination after radiation chemotherapy. J Immunother. 34:382–389. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Sampson JH, Archer GE, Mitchell DA, Heimberger AB, Herndon JE II, Lally-Goss D, McGehee-Norman S, Paolino A, Reardon DA, Friedman AH, et al: An epidermal growth factor receptor variant III-targeted vaccine is safe and immunogenic in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Cancer Ther. 8:2773–2779. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Sakai K, Shimodaira S, Maejima S, Udagawa N, Sano K, Higuchi Y, Koya T, Ochiai T, Koide M, Uehara S, et al: Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy targeting Wilms' tumor 1 in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurosurg. 123:989–997. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Laurell A, Lönnemark M, Brekkan E, Magnusson A, Tolf A, Wallgren AC, Andersson B, Adamson L, Kiessling R and Karlsson-Parra A: Intratumorally injected pro-inflammatory allogeneic dendritic cells as immune enhancers: A first-in-human study in unfavourable risk patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer. 5:52. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Karbach J, Gnjatic S, Biskamp M, Atmaca A, Weidmann E, Brandt K, Wahle C, Bernhard H, Knuth A and Jäger E: Long-term complete remission following radiosurgery and immunotherapy in a melanoma patient with brain metastasis: Immunologic correlates. Cancer Immunol Res. 2:404–409. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ding R, Chen L, Su Z, Xiong T, Wen Q, Peng Q and Jiang F: Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review). Int J Oncol 57: 665-677, 2020.
APA
Ding, R., Chen, L., Su, Z., Xiong, T., Wen, Q., Peng, Q., & Jiang, F. (2020). Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 57, 665-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2020.5091
MLA
Ding, R., Chen, L., Su, Z., Xiong, T., Wen, Q., Peng, Q., Jiang, F."Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 57.3 (2020): 665-677.
Chicago
Ding, R., Chen, L., Su, Z., Xiong, T., Wen, Q., Peng, Q., Jiang, F."Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 57, no. 3 (2020): 665-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2020.5091
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ding R, Chen L, Su Z, Xiong T, Wen Q, Peng Q and Jiang F: Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review). Int J Oncol 57: 665-677, 2020.
APA
Ding, R., Chen, L., Su, Z., Xiong, T., Wen, Q., Peng, Q., & Jiang, F. (2020). Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 57, 665-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2020.5091
MLA
Ding, R., Chen, L., Su, Z., Xiong, T., Wen, Q., Peng, Q., Jiang, F."Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 57.3 (2020): 665-677.
Chicago
Ding, R., Chen, L., Su, Z., Xiong, T., Wen, Q., Peng, Q., Jiang, F."Development of immunotherapy for brain metastasis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 57, no. 3 (2020): 665-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2020.5091
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team