Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
April-2022 Volume 60 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2022 Volume 60 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qing Fan
    • Yue Yu
    • Yueling Zhou
    • Sheng Zhang
    • Chunli Wu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Fan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 46
    |
    Published online on: March 9, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5336
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide are increasing, and the role of radiotherapy is currently under discussion. Radioresistance is one of the most important challenges in the therapy of HCC compared with other local advanced, recurrent and metastatic cancers. The mechanisms of radioresistance are complex and remain to be fully understood; however, extracellular vesicles have been investigated in recent studies. Exosomes, which are 40‑ to 150‑nm extracellular vesicles released by cancer cells, contain multiple pathogenic components, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and play critical functions in cancer progression. Emerging data indicate a diagnosis potential for exosomes in HCC, since radiation‑derived exosomes promote radioresistance. Radiation‑based therapy alters the contents and components of exosomes, suggesting that exosomes and their components may serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers to monitor radiation response. Therefore, understanding the roles and mechanisms of exosomes in HCC progression and radiation response during HCC therapy may increase our knowledge concerning the roles of exosomes in radioresistance, and may lead to novel approaches for HCC prognosis and treatment. The current review summarizes recent studies on exosome involvement in HCC and the molecular changes in exosome components during HCC progression. It also discusses the functions of exosomes in HCC therapy, and highlights the importance of exosomes in HCC progression and resistance for the development of novel therapies.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Llovet JM, Zucman-Rossi J, Pikarsky E, Sangro B, Schwartz M, Sherman M and Gores G: Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2:160182016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Villanueva A: Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 380:1450–1462. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Nair H, Simoes EA, Rudan I, Gessner BD, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Zhang JSF, Feikin DR, Mackenzie GA, Moiïsi JC, Roca A, et al: Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: A systematic analysis. Lancet. 381:1380–1390. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration; Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, Alam N, Alemayohu MA, Allen C, Al-Raddadi R, Alvis-Guzman N, Amoako Y, et al: The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: Results from the global burden of disease study 2015. JAMA Oncol. 3:1683–1691. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, Singal AG, Pikarsky E, Roayaie S, Lencioni R, Koike K, Zucman-Rossi J and Finn RS: Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 7:62021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liu J and Fan D: Hepatitis B in China. Lancet. 369:1582–1583. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Laursen L: A preventable cancer. Nature. 516:S2–S3. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

European Association for the study of the Liver and European Organisation for research and treatment of Cancer: EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 56:908–943. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ishizawa T, Hasegawa K, Aoki T, Takahashi M, Inoue Y, Sano K, Imamura H, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N and Makuuchi M: Neither multiple tumors nor portal hypertension are surgical contraindications for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 134:1908–1916. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yu Y and Feng M: Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol. 28:277–287. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bang A and Dawson LA: Radiotherapy for HCC: Ready for prime time? JHEP Rep. 1:131–137. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Ohri N, Dawson LA, Krishnan S, Seong J, Cheng JC, Sarin SK, Kinkhabwala M, Ahmed MM, Vikram B, Coleman CN and Guha C: Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: New indications and directions for future study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 108:djw1332016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ni J, Bucci J, Malouf D, Knox M, Graham P and Li Y: Exosomes in cancer radioresistance. Front Oncol. 9:8692019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Barker HE, Paget JT, Khan AA and Harrington KJ: The tumour microenvironment after radiotherapy: Mechanisms of resistance and recurrence. Nat Rev Cancer. 15:409–425. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Chan R, Sethi P, Jyoti A, McGarry R and Upreti M: Investigating the radioresistant properties of lung cancer stem cells in the context of the tumor microenvironment. Radiat Res. 185:169–181. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Swartz MA, Iida N, Roberts EW, Sangaletti S, Wong MH, Yull FE, Coussens LM and DeClerck YA: Tumor microenvironment complexity: Emerging roles in cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 72:2473–2480. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Son B, Lee S, Youn H, Kim E, Kim W and Youn B: The role of tumor microenvironment in therapeutic resistance. Oncotarget. 8:3933–3945. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar :

18 

Kalluri R and LeBleu VS: The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science. 367:eaau69772020. View Article : Google Scholar :

19 

Jeppesen DK, Fenix AM, Franklin JL, Higginbotham JN, Zhang Q, Zimmerman LJ, Liebler DC, Ping J, Liu Q, Evans R, et al: Reassessment of exosome composition. Cell. 177:428–445.e18. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Tai YL, Chen KC, Hsieh JT and Shen TL: Exosomes in cancer development and clinical applications. Cancer Sci. 109:2364–2374. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Dai J, Su Y, Zhong S, Cong L, Liu B, Yang J, Tao Y, He Z, Chen C and Jiang Y: Exosomes: Key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5:1452020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

van Niel G, D'Angelo G and Raposo G: Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 19:213–228. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Sato S, Zhu XL and Sly WS: Carbonic anhydrase Isozymes IV and II in urinary membranes from carbonic anhydrase II-deficient patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:6073–6076. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhang L and Yu D: Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1871:455–468. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Pegtel DM and Gould SJ: Exosomes. Annu Rev Biochem. 88:487–514. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Chen W, Mao Y, Liu C, Wu H and Chen S: Exosome in hepatocellular carcinoma: An update. J Cancer. 12:2526–2536. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Wang HB, Lu ZM and Zhao XX: Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 12:1332019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Keerthikumar S, Chisanga D, Ariyaratne D, Al Saffar H, Anand S, Zhao K, Samuel M, Pathan M, Jois M, Chilamkurti N, et al: ExoCarta: A Web-Based compendium of exosomal cargo. J Mol Biol. 428:688–692. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar :

29 

Nabet BY, Qiu Y, Shabason JE, Wu TJ, Yoon T, Kim BC, Benci JL, DeMichele AM, Tchou J, Marcotrigiano J and Minn AJ: Exosome RNA unshielding couples stromal activation to pattern recognition receptor signaling in cancer. Cell. 170:352–366.e13. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Li I and Nabet BY: Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment as mediators of cancer therapy resistance. Mol Cancer. 18:322019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Conigliaro A, Costa V, Lo Dico A, Saieva L, Buccheri S, Dieli F, Manno M, Raccosta S, Mancone C, Tripodi M, et al: CD90+liver cancer cells modulate endothelial cell phenotype through the release of exosomes containing H19 lncRNA. Mol Cancer. 14:1552015. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Ridder K, Keller S, Dams M, Rupp AK, Schlaudraff J, Del Turco D, Starmann J, Macas J, Karpova D, Devraj K, et al: Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of genetic information between the hematopoietic system and the brain in response to inflammation. PLoS Biol. 12:–e1001874. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Skotland T, Sandvig K and Llorente A: Lipids in exosomes: Current knowledge and the way forward. Prog Lipid Res. 66:30–41. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Li WH, Li CY, Zhou T, Liu X, Liu X, Li X and Chen D: Role of exosomal proteins in cancer diagnosis. Mol Cancer. 16:1452017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Cai J, Han Y, Ren HM, Chen C, He D, Zhou L, Eisner GM, Asico LD, Jose PA and Zeng C: Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of donor genomic DNA to recipient cells is a novel mechanism for genetic influence between cells. J Mol Cell Biol. 5:227–238. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Thakur BK, Zhang H, Becker A, Matei I, Huang Y, Costa-Silva B, Zheng Y, Hoshino A, Brazier H, Xiang J, et al: Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: A novel biomarker in cancer detection. Cell Res. 24:766–769. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Wong CM, Tsang FHC and Ng IOL: Non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Molecular functions and pathological implications. Nat Rev Gastro Hepat. 15:137–151. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

He M, Qin H, Poon TC, Sze SC, Ding X, Co NN, Ngai SM, Chan TF and Wong N: Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes promote motility of immortalized hepatocyte through transfer of oncogenic proteins and RNAs. Carcinogenesis. 36:1008–1018. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Wang S, Xu M, Li X, Su X, Xiao X, Keating A and Zhao RC: Exosomes released by hepatocarcinoma cells endow adipocytes with tumor-promoting properties. J Hematol Oncol. 11:822018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Lee HY, Chen CK, Ho CM, Lee SS, Chang CY, Chen KJ and Jou YS: EIF3C-enhanced exosome secretion promotes angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 9:13193–13205. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Wang S, Chen G, Lin X, Xing X, Cai Z, Liu X and Liu J: Role of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma cell mobility alteration. Oncol Lett. 14:8122–8131. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Zhang J, Lu S, Zhou Y, Meng K, Chen Z, Cui Y, Shi Y, Wang T and He QY: Motile hepatocellular carcinoma cells preferentially secret sugar metabolism regulatory proteins via exosomes. Proteomics. 17:17001032017. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Conde-Vancells J, Rodriguez-Suarez E, Gonzalez E, Berisa A, Gil D, Embade N, Valle M, Luka Z, Elortza F, Wagner C, et al: Candidate biomarkers in exosome-like vesicles purified from rat and mouse urine samples. Proteom Clin Appl. 4:416–425. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Fu Q, Zhang Q, Lou Y, Yang J, Nie G, Chen Q, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Wei T, et al: Primary tumor-derived exosomes facilitate metastasis by regulating adhesion of circulating tumor cells via SMAD3 in liver cancer. Oncogene. 37:6105–6118. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Ye L, Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Chen X, Wang G, Shi M, Zhang T, Cao Y, Pan H, Zhang L, et al: Tumor-derived exosomal HMGB1 fosters hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion by promoting TIM-1 + regulatory B cell expansion. J Immunother Cancer. 6:1452018. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Wang X, Shen H, Zhangyuan G, Huang R, Zhang W, He Q, Jin K, Zhuo H, Zhang Z, Wang J, et al: 14-3-3ζ delivered by hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes impaired anti-tumor function of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. Cell Death Dis. 9:1592018. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Li M, Lu Y, Xu Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Du Y, Wang L, Li L, Wang B, Shen J, et al: Horizontal transfer of exosomal CXCR4 promotes murine hepatocarcinoma cell migration, invasion and lymphangiogenesis. Gene. 676:101–109. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Dai WJ, Wang YL, Yang TX, Wang J, Wu WC and Gu JX: Downregulation of exosomal CLEC3B in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes metastasis and angiogenesis via AMPK and VEGF signals. Cell Commun Signal. 17:1132019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Qiu QC, Wang L, Jin SS, Liu GF, Liu J, Ma L, Mao RF, Ma YY, Zhao N, Chen M and Lin BY: CHI3L1 promotes tumor progression by activating TGF-β signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep. 8:150292018. View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Gai X, Tang B, Liu F, Wu Y, Wang F, Jing Y, Huang F, Jin D, Wang L and Zhang H: mTOR/miR-145-regulated exosomal GOLM1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma through augmented GSK-3 beta/MMPs. J Genet Genomics. 46:235–245. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Skotland T, Sagini K, Sandvig K and Llorente A: An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 159:308–321. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Skotland T, Ekroos K, Kauhanen D, Simolin H, Seierstad T, Berge V, Sandvig K and Llorente A: Molecular lipid species in urinary exosomes as potential prostate cancer biomarkers. Eur J Cancer. 70:122–132. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Lydic TA, Townsend S, Adda CG, Collins C, Mathivanan S and Reid GE: Rapid and comprehensive 'Shotgun' lipidome profiling of colorectal cancer cell derived exosomes. Methods. 87:83–95. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland F, Schwille P, Brügger B and Simons M: Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular Endosomes. Science. 319:1244–1247. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Chapuy-Regaud S, Dubois M, Plisson-Chastang C, Bonnefois T, Lhomme S, Bertrand-Michel J, You B, Simoneau S, Gleizes PE, Flan B, et al: Characterization of the lipid envelope of exosome encapsulated HEV particles protected from the immune response. Biochimie. 141:70–79. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Haraszti RA, Didiot MC, Sapp E, Leszyk J, Shaffer SA, Rockwell HE, Gao F, Narain NR, DiFiglia M, Kiebish MA, et al: High-resolution proteomic and lipidomic analysis of exosomes and microvesicles from different cell sources. J Extracell Vesicles. 5:325702016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Sadovska L, Eglitis J and Line A: Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 35:6379–6390. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Alix-Panabieres C and Pantel K: Clinical applications of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA as liquid biopsy. Cancer Discov. 6:479–491. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Li X, Li C, Zhang L, Wu M, Cao K, Jiang F, Chen D, Li N and Li W: The significance of exosomes in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 19:12020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Bernard V, Kim DU, San Lucas FA, Castillo J, Allenson K, Mulu FC, Stephens BM, Huang J, Semaan A, Guerrero PA, et al: Circulating nucleic acids are associated with outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 156:108–118.e4. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Yan LL, Chen YH, Zhou JY, Zhao H, Zhang HH and Wang GQ: Diagnostic value of circulating cell-free DNA levels for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Infect Dis. 67:92–97. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Slack FJ and Chinnaiyan AM: The role of Non-coding RNAs in oncology. Cell. 179:1033–1055. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Ambros V: The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature. 431:350–355. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell. 116:281–297. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Vickers KC, Palmisano BT, Shoucri BM, Shamburek RD and Remaley AT: MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins. Nat Cell Biol. 13:423–433. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Arroyo JD, Chevillet JR, Kroh EM, Ruf IK, Pritchard CC, Gibson DF, Mitchell PS, Bennett CF, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Stirewalt DL, et al: Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:5003–5008. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Zhang J, Li S, Li L, Li M, Guo C, Yao J and Mi S: Exosome and exosomal MicroRNA: Trafficking, sorting, and function. Genom Proteom Bioinf. 13:17–24. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Croce CM: Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 10:704–714. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Lee YR, Kim G, Tak WY, Jang SY, Kweon YO, Park JG, Lee HW, Han YS, Chun JM, Park SY and Hur K: Circulating exosomal noncoding RNAs as prognostic biomarkers in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 144:1444–1452. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Tian XP, Wang CY, Jin XH, Li M, Wang FW, Huang WJ, Yun JP, Xu RH, Cai QQ and Xie D: Acidic microenvironment Up-Regulates exosomal miR-21 and miR-10b in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma to promote cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Theranostics. 9:1965–1979. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Lin XJ, Chong YT, Guo ZW, Xie C, Yang XJ, Zhang Q, Li SP, Xiong Y, Yuan Y, Min J, et al: A serum microRNA classifier for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicentre, retrospective, longitudinal biomarker identification study with a nested case-control study. Lancet Oncol. 16:804–815. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Lin XJ, Fang JH, Yang XJ, Zhang C, Yuan Y, Zheng L and Zhuang SM: Hepatocellular carcinoma cell-secreted exosomal MicroRNA-210 promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 11:243–252. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Cui Y, Xu HF, Liu MY, Xu YJ, He JC, Zhou Y and Cang SD: Mechanism of exosomal microRNA-224 in development of hepatocellular carcinoma and its diagnostic and prognostic value. World J Gastroentero. 25:1890–1898. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Statello L, Guo CJ, Chen LL and Huarte M: Gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs and its biological functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 22:96–118. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Pathania AS and Challagundla KB: Exosomal long Non-coding RNAs: Emerging players in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 23:1371–1383. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Prensner JR and Chinnaiyan AM: The Emergence of lncRNAs in cancer biology. Cancer Discov. 1:391–407. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Bolha L, Ravnik-Glavac M and Glavac D: Long noncoding RNAs as biomarkers in cancer. Dis Markers. 2017:2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Takahashi K, Yan IK, Kogure T, Haga H and Patel T: Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of long non-coding RNA ROR modulates chemosensitivity in human hepatocellular cancer. FEBS Open Bio. 4:458–467. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Takahashi K, Yan IK, Wood J, Haga H and Patel T: Involvement of extracellular vesicle long noncoding RNA (linc-VLDLR) in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Res. 12:1377–1387. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Chen SY, Teng SC, Cheng TH and Wu KJ: miR-1236 regulates hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration/invasion through repressing SENP1 and HDAC3. Cancer Lett. 378:59–67. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Li BG, Mao R, Liu CF, Zhang WH, Tang Y and Guo Z: LncRNA FAL1 promotes cell proliferation and migration by acting as a CeRNA of miR-1236 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Life Sci. 197:122–129. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Yao ZC, Jia CC, Tai Y, Liang H, Zhong Z, Xiong Z, Deng M and Zhang Q: Serum exosomal long noncoding RNAs lnc-FAM72D3 and lnc-EPC14 as diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY). 12:11843–11863. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Hou YC, Yu Z, Tam NL, Huang S, Sun C, Wang R, Zhang X, Wang Z, Ma Y, He X and Wu L: Exosome-related lncRNAs as predictors of HCC patient survival: A prognostic model. Am J Transl Res. 10:1648–1662. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

84 

Zhang C, Yang X, Qi Q, Gao YH, Wei Q and Han SW: lncRNA-HEIH in serum and exosomes as a potential biomarker in the HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biomark. 21:651–659. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Xu H, Chen YM, Dong XY and Wang XJ: Serum exosomal long noncoding RNAs ENSG00000258332.1 and LINC00635 for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Epidem Biomar. 27:710–716. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Sun L, Su Y, Liu X, Xu M, Chen X, Zhu Y, Guo Z, Bai T, Dong L, Wei C, et al: Serum and exosome long non coding RNAs as potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer. 9:2631–2639. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Ma X, Yuan T, Yang C, Wang Z, Zang Y, Wu L and Zhuang L: X-inactive-specific transcript of peripheral blood cells is regulated by exosomal Jpx and acts as a biomarker for female patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 9:665–677. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Zhuang LK, Yang YT, Ma X, Han B, Wang ZS, Zhao QY, Wu LQ and Qu ZQ: MicroRNA-92b promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting Smad7 and is mediated by long non-coding RNA XIST. Cell Death Dis. 7:e22032016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Kogure T, Yan IK, Lin WL and Patel T: Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of a novel long noncoding RNA TUC339: A mechanism of intercellular signaling in human hepatocellular cancer. Genes Cancer. 4:261–272. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Li X, Lei Y, Wu M and Li N: Regulation of macrophage activation and polarization by HCC-Derived Exosomal lncRNA TUC339. Int J Mol Sci. 19:29582018. View Article : Google Scholar :

91 

Ma D, Gao X, Liu Z, Lu X, Ju H and Zhang N: Exosome-transferred long non-coding RNA ASMTL-AS1 contributes to malignant phenotypes in residual hepatocellular carcinoma after insufficient radiofrequency ablation. Cell Prolif. 53:e127952020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Wang D, Xing N, Yang T, Liu J, Zhao H, He J, Ai Y and Yang J: Exosomal lncRNA H19 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with Propofol via miR-520a-3p/LIMK1 axis. Cancer Med. 9:7218–7230. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Ji JF, Yamashita T, Budhu A, Forgues M, Jia HL, Li C, Deng C, Wauthier E, Reid LM, Ye QH, et al: Identification of MicroRNA-181 by genome-wide screening as a critical player in EpCAM-Positive hepatic cancer stem cells. Hepatology. 50:472–480. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Sanger HL, Klotz G, Riesner D, Gross HJ and Kleinschmidt AK: Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 73:3852–3856. 1976. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Seimiya T, Otsuka M, Iwata T, Shibata C, Tanaka E, Suzuki T and Koike K: Emerging roles of exosomal circular RNAs in cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 8:5683662020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Wang Y, Liu J, Ma J, Sun T, Zhou Q, Wang W, Wang G, Wu P, Wang H, Jiang L, et al: Exosomal circRNAs: Biogenesis, effect and application in human diseases. Mol Cancer. 18:1162019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Wilusz JE and Sharp PA: Molecular biology. A circuitous route to noncoding RNA. Science. 340:440–441. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Li SS, Yao JP, Xie MJ, Liu YN and Zheng M: Exosomal miRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma development and clinical responses. J Hematol Oncol. 11:542018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Geng X, Lin X, Zhang Y, Li Q, Guo Y, Fang C and Wang H: Exosomal circular RNA sorting mechanisms and their function in promoting or inhibiting cancer. Oncol Lett. 19:3369–3380. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

100 

Zhang H, Deng T, Ge S, Liu Y, Bai M, Zhu K, Fan Q, Li J, Ning T, Tian F, et al: Exosome circRNA secreted from adipocytes promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting deubiquitination-related USP7. Oncogene. 38:2844–2859. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar :

101 

Chen W, Quan Y, Fan S, Wang H, Liang J, Huang L, Chen L, Liu Q, He P and Ye Y: Exosome-transmitted circular RNA hsa_ circ_0051443 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cancer Lett. 475:119–128. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Zhang PF, Wei CY, Huang XY, Peng R, Yang X, Lu JC, Zhang C, Gao C, Cai JB, Gao PT, et al: Circular RNA circTRIM33-12 acts as the sponge of MicroRNA-191 to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Mol Cancer. 18:1052019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Chen SP, Liu BX, Xu J, Pei XF, Liao YJ, Yuan F and Zheng F: MiR-449a suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by multiple targets. BMC Cancer. 15:7062015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Wang GY, Liu W, Zou Y, Wang G, Deng Y, Luo J, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang Q, Yang Y and Chen G: Three isoforms of exosomal circPTGR1 promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via the miR449a-MET pathway. EBioMedicine. 40:432–445. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Zhang TT, Jing B, Bai YX, Zhang Y and Yu HY: Circular RNA circTMEM45A Acts as the Sponge of MicroRNA-665 to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 22:285–297. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Shyu AB, Wilkinson MF and van Hoof A: Messenger RNA regulation: To translate or to degrade. Embo J. 27:471–481. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Yu SL, Li YC, Liao Z, Wang Z, Wang Z, Li Y, Qian L, Zhao J, Zong H, Kang B, et al: Plasma extracellular vesicle long RNA profiling identifies a diagnostic signature for the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gut. 69:540–550. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Li Y, Zhao J, Yu S, Wang Z, He X, Su Y, Guo T, Sheng H, Chen J, Zheng Q, et al: Extracellular vesicles long RNA sequencing reveals abundant mRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA in human blood as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Clin Chem. 65:798–808. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Abd El Gwad A, Matboli M, El-Tawdi A, Habib EK, Shehata H, Ibrahim D and Tash F: Role of exosomal competing endogenous RNA in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Biochem. 119:8600–8610. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Xu H, Dong XY, Chen YM and Wang XJ: Serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA as a novel marker for hepatocellular carci-noma. Clin Chem Lab Med. 56:479–484. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

111 

He R, Wang Z, Shi W, Yu L, Xia H, Huang Z, Liu S, Zhao X, Xu Y, Yam JWP and Cui Y: Exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment and their potential clinical application value. Biomed Pharmacother. 138:1115292021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Pascut D, Pratama MY, Vo NVT, Masadah R and Tiribelli C: The Crosstalk between tumor cells and the microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: The role of exosomal microRNAs and their clinical implications. Cancers (Basel). 12:8232020. View Article : Google Scholar

113 

Wu Q, Zhou L, Lv D, Zhu X and Tang H: Exosome-mediated communication in the tumor microenvironment contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression. J Hematol Oncol. 12:532019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Chen X, Chi H, Zhao X, Pan R, Wei Y and Han Y: Role of exosomes in immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Oncol. 2022:25210252022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Chen C, Luo F, Liu X, Lu L, Xu H, Yang Q, Xue J, Shi L, Li J, Zhang A and Liu Q: NF-kB-regulated exosomal miR-155 promotes the inflammation associated with arsenite carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 388:21–33. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Fang T, Lv H, Lv G, Li T, Wang C, Han Q, Yu L, Su B, Guo L, Huang S, et al: Tumor-derived exosomal miR-1247-3p induces cancer-associated fibroblast activation to foster lung metastasis of liver cancer. Nat Commun. 9:1912018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Zhang Z, Li X, Sun W, Yue S, Yang J, Li J, Ma B, Wang J, Yang X, Pu M, et al: Loss of exosomal miR-320a from cancer-associated fibroblasts contributes to HCC proliferation and metastasis. Cancer Lett. 397:33–42. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Goessler UR, Hormann K and Riedel F: Tissue engineering with chondrocytes and function of the extracellular matrix (Review). Int J Mol Med. 13:505–513. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

119 

Yáñez-Mó M, Siljander PR, Andreu Z, Zavec AB, Borràs FE, Buzas EI, Buzas K, Casal E, Cappello F, Carvalho J, et al: Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J Extracell Vesicles. 4:270662015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Herrera MB, Fonsato V, Gatti S, Deregibus MC, Sordi A, Cantarella D, Calogero R, Bussolati B, Tetta C and Camussi G: Human liver stem cell-derived microvesicles accelerate hepatic regeneration in hepatectomized rats. J Cell Mol Med. 14:1605–1618. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Fonsato V, Collino F, Herrera MB, Cavallari C, Deregibus MC, Cisterna B, Bruno S, Romagnoli R, Salizzoni M, Tetta C and Camussi G: Human liver stem cell-derived microvesicles inhibit hepatoma growth in SCID mice by delivering antitumor microRNAs. Stem Cells. 30:1985–1998. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Fabregat I, Roncero C and Fernandez M: Survival and apoptosis: A dysregulated balance in liver cancer. Liver Int. 27:155–162. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Kountouras J, Zavos C and Chatzopoulos D: Apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 50:242–249. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

124 

Thery C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK, et al: Minimal information for studies of extra-cellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 7:15357502018. View Article : Google Scholar

125 

McAndrews KM and Kalluri R: Mechanisms associated with biogenesis of exosomes in cancer. Mol Cancer. 18:522019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Sasaki R, Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Kato N, Matsuoka S and Moriyama M: Exosomes and hepatocellular carcinoma: From bench to bedside. Int J Mol Sci. 20:14062019. View Article : Google Scholar :

127 

Hennequin C, Quero L and Rivera S: Radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Radiother. 15:39–42. 2011.In French. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Fan Q, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S and Wu C: An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review). Int J Oncol 60: 46, 2022.
APA
Fan, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., & Wu, C. (2022). An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 60, 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5336
MLA
Fan, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, C."An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 60.4 (2022): 46.
Chicago
Fan, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, C."An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 60, no. 4 (2022): 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5336
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Fan Q, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S and Wu C: An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review). Int J Oncol 60: 46, 2022.
APA
Fan, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., & Wu, C. (2022). An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 60, 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5336
MLA
Fan, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, C."An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 60.4 (2022): 46.
Chicago
Fan, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, C."An emerging role of radiation‑induced exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and radioresistance (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 60, no. 4 (2022): 46. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5336
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team