Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
April-2024 Volume 64 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2024 Volume 64 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jiao Xu
    • Bixin Yu
    • Fan Wang
    • Jin Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 41
    |
    Published online on: February 22, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5629
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC), a highly heterogeneous disease, has diverse histological and molecular subtypes. For precision medicine, well‑characterized models encompassing the full spectrum of subtypes are necessary. Patient‑derived tumor xenografts and organoids serve as important preclinical models in GC research. The main advantage of these models is the retention of phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity present in parental tumor tissues. Utilizing diverse sequencing techniques and preclinical models for GC research facilitates accuracy in predicting personalized clinical responses to anti‑cancer treatments. The present review summarizes the latest advances of these two preclinical models in GC treatment and drug response assessment.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F: Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71:209–249. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, van Grieken NC and Lordick F: Gastric cancer. Lancet. 396:635–648. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Joshi SS and Badgwell BD: Current treatment and recent progress in gastric cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 71:264–279. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

DiMasi JA, Feldman L, Seckler A and Wilson A: Trends in risks associated with new drug development: Success rates for investigational drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 87:272–277. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Abdolahi S, Ghazvinian Z, Muhammadnejad S, Saleh M, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H and Baghaei K: Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, applications and challenges in cancer research. J Transl Med. 20:2062022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liu Y, Wu W, Cai C, Zhang H, Shen H and Han Y: Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: Technologies and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8:1602023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Mo S, Tang P, Luo W, Zhang L, Li Y, Hu X, Ma X, Chen Y, Bao Y, He X, et al: Patient-derived organoids from colorectal cancer with paired liver metastasis reveal tumor heterogeneity and predict response to chemotherapy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 9:e22040972022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Sachs N, de Ligt J, Kopper O, Gogola E, Bounova G, Weeber F, Balgobind AV, Wind K, Gracanin A, Begthel H, et al: A living biobank of breast cancer organoids captures disease heterogeneity. Cell. 172:373–386.e10. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Yan HHN, Siu HC, Law S, Ho SL, Yue SSK, Tsui WY, Chan D, Chan AS, Ma S, Lam KO, et al: A comprehensive human gastric cancer organoid biobank captures tumor subtype heterogeneity and enables therapeutic screening. Cell Stem Cell. 23:882–897. e11. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Corso S, Isella C, Bellomo SE, Apicella M, Durando S, Migliore C, Ughetto S, D'Errico L, Menegon S, Moya-Rull D, et al: A comprehensive PDX gastric cancer collection captures cancer cell-intrinsic transcriptional MSI traits. Cancer Res. 79:5884–5896. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Rygaard J and Povlsen CO: Heterotransplantation of a human malignant tumour to 'nude' mice. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 77:758–760. 1969. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Flanagan SP: 'Nude', a new hairless gene with pleiotropic effects in the mouse. Genet Res. 8:295–309. 1966. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Bosma GC, Custer RP and Bosma MJ: A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse. Nature. 301:527–530. 1983. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Taghian A, Budach W, Zietman A, Freeman J, Gioioso D, Ruka W and Suit HD: Quantitative comparison between the transplantability of human and murine tumors into the subcutaneous tissue of NCr/Sed-nu/nu nude and severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res. 53:5012–5017. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Roder J and Duwe A: The beige mutation in the mouse selectively impairs natural killer cell function. Nature. 278:451–453. 1979. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Mosier DE, Stell KL, Gulizia RJ, Torbett BE and Gilmore GL: Homozygous scid/scid;beige/beige mice have low levels of spontaneous or neonatal T cell-induced B cell generation. J Exp Med. 177:191–194. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Ito M, Hiramatsu H, Kobayashi K, Suzue K, Kawahata M, Hioki K, Ueyama Y, Koyanagi Y, Sugamura K, Tsuji K, et al: NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null) mouse: An excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells. Blood. 100:3175–3182. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Okada S, Harada H, Ito T, Saito T and Suzu S: Early development of human hematopoietic and acquired immune systems in new born NOD/Scid/Jak3null mice intrahepatic engrafted with cord blood-derived CD34 + cells. Int J Hematol. 88:476–482. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Shultz LD, Lyons BL, Burzenski LM, Gott B, Chen X, Chaleff S, Kotb M, Gillies SD, King M, Mangada J, et al: Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells. J Immunol. 174:6477–6489. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Ono A, Hattori S, Kariya R, Iwanaga S, Taura M, Harada H, Suzu S and Okada S: Comparative study of human hematopoietic cell engraftment into BALB/c and C57BL/6 strain of rag-2/jak3 double-deficient mice. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011:5397482011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Traggiai E, Chicha L, Mazzucchelli L, Bronz L, Piffaretti JC, Lanzavecchia A and Manz MG: Development of a human adaptive immune system in cord blood cell-transplanted mice. Science. 304:104–107. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Iwamoto C, Takenaka K, Urata S, Yamauchi T, Shima T, Kuriyama T, Daitoku S, Saito Y, Miyamoto T, Iwasaki H, et al: The BALB/c-specific polymorphic SIRPA enhances its affinity for human CD47, inhibiting phagocytosis against human cells to promote xenogeneic engraftment. Exp Hematol. 42:163–171.e1. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Gotoh K, Kariya R, Matsuda K, Hattori S, Vaeteewoottacharn K and Okada S: A novel EGFP-expressing nude mice with complete loss of lymphocytes and NK cells to study tumor-host interactions. Biosci Trends. 8:202–205. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Choi YY, Lee JE, Kim H, Sim MH, Kim KK, Lee G, Kim HI, An JY, Hyung WJ, Kim CB, et al: Establishment and characterisation of patient-derived xenografts as paraclinical models for gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 6:221722016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Karalis JD, Yoon LY, Hammer STG, Hong C, Zhu M, Nassour I, Ju MR, Xiao S, Castro-Dubon EC, Agrawal D, et al: Lenvatinib inhibits the growth of gastric cancer patient-derived xenografts generated from a heterogeneous population. J Transl Med. 20:1162022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Yoshida GJ: Applications of patient-derived tumor xenograft models and tumor organoids. J Hematol Oncol. 13:42020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Mosier DE, Gulizia RJ, Baird SM and Wilson DB: Transfer of a functional human immune system to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Nature. 335:256–259. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lan P, Tonomura N, Shimizu A, Wang S and Yang YG: Reconstitution of a functional human immune system in immunodeficient mice through combined human fetal thymus/liver and CD34+ cell transplantation. Blood. 108:487–492. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Zhu M, Zhang P, Yu S, Tang C, Wang Y, Shen Z, Chen W, Liu T and Cui Y: Targeting ZFP64/GAL-1 axis promotes therapeutic effect of nab-paclitaxel and reverses immunosuppressive microenvironment in gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 41:142022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Hoffman RM: Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts: Better mimic of metastasis than subcutaneous xenografts. Nat Rev Cancer. 15:451–452. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Furukawa T, Kubota T, Watanabe M, Kitajima M and Hoffman RM: Orthotopic transplantation of histologically intact clinical specimens of stomach cancer to nude mice: Correlation of metastatic sites in mouse and individual patient donors. Int J Cancer. 53:608–612. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Li W, Ng JM, Wong CC, Ng EKW and Yu J: Molecular alterations of cancer cell and tumour microenvironment in metastatic gastric cancer. Oncogene. 37:4903–4920. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Tiberio GAM, Coniglio A, Marchet A, Marrelli D, Giacopuzzi S, Baiocchi L, Roviello F, de Manzoni G, Nitti D and Giulini SM: Metachronous hepatic metastases from gastric carcinoma: A multicentric survey. Eur J Surg Oncol. 35:486–491. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kang W, Maher L, Michaud M, Bae SW, Kim S, Lee HS, Im SA, Yang HK and Lee C: Development of a novel orthotopic gastric cancer mouse model. Biol Proced Online. 23:12021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hollingshead MG, Alley MC, Camalier RF, Abbott BJ, Mayo JG, Malspeis L and Grever MR: In vivo cultivation of tumor cells in hollow fibers. Life Sci. 57:131–141. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zhang F, Wang W, Long Y, Liu H, Cheng J, Guo L, Li R, Meng C, Yu S, Zhao Q, et al: Characterization of drug responses of mini patient-derived xenografts in mice for predicting cancer patient clinical therapeutic response. Cancer Commun (Lond). 38:602018.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Ge Y, Zhang X, Liang W, Tang C, Gu D, Shi J and Wei X: OncoVee™-MiniPDX-guided anticancer treatment for gastric cancer patients with synchronous liver metastases: A retrospective cohort analysis. Front Oncol. 11:7573832022. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Wang J, Huang J, Wang H, Yang W, Bai Q, Yao Z, Li Q, Lv H, Chen B, Nie C, et al: Personalized treatment of advanced gastric cancer guided by the MiniPDX model. J Oncol. 2022:19877052022.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zhu X, Xu X, Zhang B, Dong Y, Gong S, Gong T, Zhang F and Jin C: Individualized therapy based on the combination of mini-PDX and NGS for a patient with metastatic AFP-producing and HER-2 amplified gastric cancer. Oncol Lett. 24:4112022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zhu X, Zhu Y, Chen N, Tang C and Shi J: The drugs screened by OncoVeeTM-Mini-PDX have significantly benefited the patient with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 28:1435–1440. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Zhang B, Li Y, Zhu X, Chen Z, Huang X, Gong T, Zheng W, Bi Z, Zhu C, Qian J, et al: OncoVee™-MiniPDX-guided anticancer treatment for HER2-negative intermediate-advanced gastric cancer patients: A single-arm, open-label phase I clinical study. Discov Oncol. 14:462023. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, van de Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, van Es JH, Abo A, Kujala P, Peters PJ and Clevers H: Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature. 459:262–265. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Mun SJ, Ryu JS, Lee MO, Son YS, Oh SJ, Cho HS, Son MY, Kim DS, Kim SJ, Yoo HJ, et al: Generation of expandable human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like liver organoids. J Hepatol. 71:970–985. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Homan KA, Gupta N, Kroll KT, Kolesky DB, Skylar-Scott M, Miyoshi T, Mau D, Valerius MT, Ferrante T, Bonventre JV, et al: Flow-enhanced vascularization and maturation of kidney organoids in vitro. Nat Methods. 16:255–262. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Kim M, Mun H, Sung CO, Cho EJ, Jeon HJ, Chun SM, Jung DJ, Shin TH, Jeong GS, Kim DK, et al: Patient-derived lung cancer organoids as in vitro cancer models for therapeutic screening. Nat Commun. 10:39912019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Driehuis E, van Hoeck A, Moore K, Kolders S, Francies HE, Gulersonmez MC, Stigter ECA, Burgering B, Geurts V, Gracanin A, et al: Pancreatic cancer organoids recapitulate disease and allow personalized drug screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 116:26580–26590. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Barker N, Huch M, Kujala P, van de Wetering M, Snippert HJ, van Es JH, Sato T, Stange DE, Begthel H, van den Born M, et al: Lgr5(+ve) stem cells drive self-renewal in the stomach and build long-lived gastric units in vitro. Cell Stem Cell. 6:25–36. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Stange DE, Koo BK, Huch M, Sibbel G, Basak O, Lyubimova A, Kujala P, Bartfeld S, Koster J, Geahlen JH, et al: Differentiated Troy+ chief cells act as reserve stem cells to generate all lineages of the stomach epithelium. Cell. 155:357–368. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Bartfeld S, Bayram T, van de Wetering M, Huch M, Begthel H, Kujala P, Vries R, Peters PJ and Clevers H: In vitro expansion of human gastric epithelial stem cells and their responses to bacterial infection. Gastroenterology. 148:126–136.e6. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Vatsiou A, Jamin Y, Fernández-Mateos J, Khan K, Lampis A, Eason K, Huntingford I, Burke R, et al: Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Science. 359:920–926. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Nanki K, Toshimitsu K, Takano A, Fujii M, Shimokawa M, Ohta Y, Matano M, Seino T, Nishikori S, Ishikawa K, et al: Divergent routes toward Wnt and R-spondin niche independency during human gastric carcinogenesis. Cell. 174:856–869.e17. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Seidlitz T, Merker SR, Rothe A, Zakrzewski F, von Neubeck C, Grützmann K, Sommer U, Schweitzer C, Schölch S, Uhlemann H, et al: Human gastric cancer modelling using organoids. Gut. 68:207–217. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Jiang F and Doudna JA: CRISPR-Cas9 structures and mechanisms. Annu Rev Biophys. 46:505–529. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Mullen J, Kato S, Sicklick JK and Kurzrock R: Targeting ARID1A mutations in cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 100:1022872021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Lo YH, Kolahi KS, Du Y, Chang CY, Krokhotin A, Nair A, Sobba WD, Karlsson K, Jones SJ, Longacre TA, et al: A CRISPR/Cas9-engineered ARID1A-deficient human gastric cancer organoid model reveals essential and nonessential modes of oncogenic transformation. Cancer Discov. 11:1562–1581. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Kumar V, Ramnarayanan K, Sundar R, Padmanabhan N, Srivastava S, Koiwa M, Yasuda T, Koh V, Huang KK, Tay ST, et al: Single-cell atlas of lineage states, tumor microenvironment, and subtype-specific expression programs in gastric cancer. Cancer Discov. 12:670–691. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Yuan Y, Jiang YC, Sun CK and Chen QM: Role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and the clinical applications (review). Oncol Rep. 35:2499–3515. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Chen DS and Mellman I: Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 541:321–330. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Pardoll DM: The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 12:252–264. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Kim JW, Nam KH, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Kim SH, Chang H, Lee JO, Kim YJ, Lee HS, et al: Prognostic implications of immunosuppressive protein expression in tumors as well as immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 19:42–52. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Muro K, Chung HC, Shankaran V, Geva R, Catenacci D, Gupta S, Eder JP, Golan T, Le DT, Burtness B, et al: Pembrolizumab for patients with PD-L1-positive advanced gastric cancer (KEYNOTE-012): A multicentre, open-label, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol. 17:717–726. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Chakrabarti J, Koh V, So JBY, Yong WP and Zavros Y: A preclinical human-derived autologous gastric cancer organoid/immune cell co-culture model to predict the efficacy of targeted therapies. J Vis Exp. 2021:e614432021.

63 

Chakrabarti J, Koh V, Steele N, Hawkins J, Ito Y, Merchant JL, Wang J, Helmrath MA, Ahmad SA, So JBY, et al: Disruption of Her2-induced PD-L1 inhibits tumor cell immune evasion in patient-derived gastric cancer organoids. Cancers (Basel). 13:61582021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Koh V, Chakrabarti J, Torvund M, Steele N, Hawkins JA, Ito Y, Wang J, Helmrath MA, Merchant JL, Ahmed SA, et al: Hedgehog transcriptional effector GLI mediates mTOR-Induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer organoids. Cancer Lett. 518:59–71. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Lawson DA, Kessenbrock K, Davis RT, Pervolarakis N and Werb Z: Tumour heterogeneity and metastasis at single-cell resolution. Nat Cell Biol. 20:1349–1360. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Jiang H, Yu D, Yang P, Guo R, Kong M, Gao Y, Yu X, Lu X and Fan X: Revealing the transcriptional heterogeneity of organ-specific metastasis in human gastric cancer using single-cell RNA sequencing. Clin Transl Med. 12:e7302022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Li X, Sun Z, Peng G, Xiao Y, Guo J, Wu B, Li X, Zhou W, Li J, Li Z, et al: Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a pro-invasive cancer-associated fibroblast subgroup associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. Theranostics. 12:620–638. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Qian Y, Zhai E, Chen S, Liu Y, Ma Y, Chen J, Liu J, Qin C, Cao Q, Chen J and Cai S: Single-cell RNA-seq dissecting heterogeneity of tumor cells and comprehensive dynamics in tumor microenvironment during lymph nodes metastasis in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 151:1367–1381. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Lu Z, Zhong A, Liu H, Zhang M, Chen X, Pan X, Wang M, Deng X, Gao L, Zhao L, et al: Dissecting the genetic and microenvironmental factors of gastric tumorigenesis in mice. Cell Rep. 41:1114822022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Venkatasamy A, Guerin E, Reichardt W, Devignot V, Chenard MP, Miguet L, Romain B, Jung AC, Gross I, Gaiddon C and Mellitzer G: Morpho-functional analysis of patient-derived xenografts reveals differential impact of gastric cancer and chemotherapy on the tumor ecosystem, affecting immune check point, metabolism, and sarcopenia. Gastric Cancer. 26:220–233. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar :

71 

Wang H, Lu J, Tang J, Chen S, He K, Jiang X, Jiang W and Teng L: Establishment of patient-derived gastric cancer xenografts: a useful tool for preclinical evaluation of targeted therapies involving alterations in HER-2, MET and FGFR2 signaling pathways. BMC Cancer. 17:1912017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Chen Z, Huang W, Tian T, Zang W, Wang J, Liu Z, Li Z, Lai Y, Jiang Z, Gao J and Shen L: Characterization and validation of potential therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature of patient-derived xenografts in gastric cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 11:202018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Liu H, Shin SH, Chen H, Liu T, Li Z, Hu Y, Liu F, Zhang C, Kim DJ, Liu K and Dong Z: CDK12 and PAK2 as novel therapeutic targets for human gastric cancer. Theranostics. 10:6201–6215. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Nagaraju GP, Srivani G, Dariya B, Chalikonda G, Farran B, Behera SK, Alam A and Kamal MA: Nanoparticles guided drug delivery and imaging in gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 69:69–76. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Zou J, Wang S, Chai N, Yue H, Ye P, Guo P, Li F, Wei B, Ma G, Wei W and Linghu E: Construction of gastric cancer patient-derived organoids and their utilization in a comparative study of clinically used paclitaxel nanoformulations. J Nanobiotechnology. 20:2332022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Huang KH, Chen MH, Fang WL, Lin CH, Chao Y, Lo SS, Li AF, Wu CW and Shyr YM: The clinicopathological characteristics and genetic alterations of signet-ring cell carcinoma in gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel). 12:23182020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Li G, Ma S, Wu Q, Kong D, Yang Z, Gu Z, Feng L, Zhang K, Cheng S, Tian Y and Zhang W: Establishment of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma organoid for the therapeutic drug testing. Cell Death Discov. 8:62022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Bromberg JF, Wrzeszczynska MH, Devgan G, Zhao Y, Pestell RG, Albanese C and Darnell JE Jr: Stat3 as an oncogene. Cell. 98:295–303. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Ouyang S, Li H, Lou L, Huang Q, Zhang Z, Mo J, Li M, Lu J, Zhu K, Chu Y, et al: Inhibition of STAT3-ferroptosis negative regulatory axis suppresses tumor growth and alleviates chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Redox Biol. 52:1023172022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Ukai S, Honma R, Sakamoto N, Yamamoto Y, Pham QT, Harada K, Takashima T, Taniyama D, Asai R, Fukada K, et al: Molecular biological analysis of 5-FU-resistant gastric cancer organoids; KHDRBS3 contributes to the attainment of features of cancer stem cell. Oncogene. 39:7265–7278. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Harada K, Sakamoto N, Ukai S, Yamamoto Y, Pham QT, Taniyama D, Honma R, Maruyama R, Takashima T, Ota H, et al: Establishment of oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer organoids: Importance of myoferlin in the acquisition of oxaliplatin resistance. Gastric Cancer. 24:1264–1277. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Li J, Davies BR, Han S, Zhou M, Bai Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Tang L, Wang H, Liu YJ, et al: The AKT inhibitor AZD5363 is selectively active in PI3KCA mutant gastric cancer, and sensitizes a patient-derived gastric cancer xenograft model with PTEN loss to Taxotere. J Transl Med. 11:2412013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Zhang M, Li B, Liao H, Chen Z, Huang W, Yang J, Ge S, Li Z, Shen L, Zhang C and Gao J: Targeting HER3 or MEK overcomes acquired trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer-derived xenograft. Cell Death Discov. 8:4782022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Yin Y, Shen Q, Zhang P, Tao R, Chang W, Li R, Xie G, Liu W, Zhang L, Kapoor P, et al: Chk1 inhibition potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitor BMN673 in gastric cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 7:473–483. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

85 

Jiang H, Shi Z, Wang P, Wang C, Yang L, Du G, Zhang H, Shi B, Jia J, Li Q, et al: Claudin18.2-specific chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells for the treatment of gastric cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 111:409–418. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Wei W, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Li L, Jin Y, An S, Lv C, Zhao H, Wang C, Huang Y, et al: Development and comparison of 68Ga/18F/64Cu-labeled nanobody tracers probing Claudin18.2. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 27:305–314. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Gavine PR, Ren Y, Han L, Lv J, Fan S, Zhang W, Xu W, Liu YJ, Zhang T, Fu H, et al: Volitinib, a potent and highly selective c-Met inhibitor, effectively blocks c-Met signaling and growth in c-MET amplified gastric cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft models. Mol Oncol. 9:323–333. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Gao H, Korn JM, Ferretti S, Monahan JE, Wang Y, Singh M, Zhang C, Schnell C, Yang G, Zhang Y, et al: High-throughput screening using patient-derived tumor xenografts to predict clinical trial drug response. Nat Med. 21:1318–1325. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Kim J, Park KE, Jeong YS, Kim Y, Park H, Nam JH, Jung K, Son WS, Jung HS, Lee JH, et al: Therapeutic efficacy of ABN401, a highly potent and selective MET inhibitor, based on diagnostic biomarker test in MET-addicted cancer. Cancers (Basel). 12:15752020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Lu J, Li G, He K, Jiang W, Xu C, Li Z, Wang H, Wang W, Wang H, Teng X and Teng L: Luteolin exerts a marked antitumor effect in cMet-overexpressing patient-derived tumor xenograft models of gastric cancer. J Transl Med. 13:422015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Wu QN, Liao YF, Lu YX, Wang Y, Lu JH, Zeng ZL, Huang QT, Sheng H, Yun JP, Xie D, et al: Pharmacological inhibition of DUSP6 suppresses gastric cancer growth and metastasis and overcomes cisplatin resistance. Cancer Lett. 412:243–255. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Wang CJ, Tong PJ and Zhu MY: The combinational therapy of trastuzumab and cetuximab inhibits tumor growth in a patient-derived tumor xenograft model of gastric cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 18:507–514. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Yu X, Chen Y, Lu J, He K, Chen Y, Ding Y, Jin K, Wang H, Zhang H, Wang H and Teng L: Patient-derived xenograft models for gastrointestinal tumors: A single-center retrospective study. Front Oncol. 12:9851542022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Park JE, Jin MH, Hur M, Nam AR, Bang JH, Won J, Oh DY and Bang YJ: GC1118, a novel anti-EGFR antibody, has potent KRAS mutation-independent antitumor activity compared with cetuximab in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 22:932–940. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Zhou JT, Liu JH, Song TT, Ma B, Amidula N and Bai C: EGLIF-CAR-T cells secreting PD-1 blocking antibodies significantly mediate the elimination of gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 12:8893–8902. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Ughetto S, Migliore C, Pietrantonio F, Apicella M, Petrelli A, D'Errico L, Durando S, Moya-Rull D, Bellomo SE, Rizzolio S, et al: Personalized therapeutic strategies in HER2-driven gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 24:897–912. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Chen Z, Liu Z, Zhang M, Huang W, Li Z, Wang S, Zhang C, Dong B, Gao J and Shen L: EPHA2 blockade reverses acquired resistance to afatinib induced by EPHA2-mediated MAPK pathway activation in gastric cancer cells and avatar mice. Int J Cancer. 145:2440–2449. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Lau WM, Teng E, Huang KK, Tan JW, Das K, Zang Z, Chia T, The M, Kono K, Yong WP, et al: Acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitor in diffuse-type gastric cancer through an AKT-independent PKC-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3β. Mol Cancer Ther. 17:232–242. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

99 

McSheehy PMJ, Forster-Gross N, El Shemerly M, Bachmann F, Roceri M, Hermann N, Spickermann J, Kellenberger L and Lane HA: The fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, derazantinib, has strong efficacy in human gastric tumor models and synergizes with paclitaxel in vivo. Anticancer Drugs. 34:532–543. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Li Y, Fan Y, Xu J, Huo L, Scott AW, Jin J, Yang B, Shao S, Ma L, Wang Y, et al: GRK3 is a poor prognosticator and serves as a therapeutic target in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 41:2572022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Shi J, Li F, Yao X, Mou T, Xu Z, Han Z, Chen S, Li W, Yu J, Qi X, et al: The HER4-YAP1 axis promotes trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer by inducing epithelial and mesenchymal transition. Oncogene. 37:3022–3038. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Ogitani Y, Aida T, Hagihara K, Yamaguchi J, Ishii C, Harada N, Soma M, Okamoto H, Oitate M, Arakawa S, et al: DS-8201a, a novel HER2-targeting ADC with a novel DNA topoisomerase i inhibitor, demonstrates a promising antitumor efficacy with differentiation from T-DM1. Clin Cancer Res. 22:5097–5108. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Chen Z, Yuan J, Xu Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Gong J, Li Y, Shen L and Gao J: From AVATAR mice to patients: RC48-ADC exerted promising efficacy in advanced gastric cancer with HER2 expression. Front Pharmacol. 12:7579942022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Shin SH, Park YH, Park SS, Ju EJ, Park J, Ko EJ, Bae DJ, Kim SY, Chung CW, Song HY, et al: An elaborate new linker system significantly enhances the efficacy of an HER2-antibody-drug conjugate against refractory HER2-positive cancers. Adv Sci (Weinh). 8:e21024142021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Wang Q, Zhang X, Shen E, Gao J, Cao F, Wang X, Li Y, Tian T, Wang J, Chen Z, et al: The anti-HER3 antibody in combination with trastuzumab exerts synergistic antitumor activity in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 380:20–30. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Li M, Duan L, Wu W, Li W, Zhao L, Li A, Lu X, He X, Dong Z, Liu K and Jiang Y: Vortioxetine hydrobromide inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by targeting JAK2 and SRC. Oncogenesis. 12:242023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Wang Z, Chen Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhou H, Lu X, Zhao L, Yuan Q, Shi Y, et al: Tegaserod maleate suppresses the growth of gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro by targeting MEK1/2. Cancers (Basel). 14:35922022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Zhang Q, Liu G, Liu J, Yang M, Fu J, Liu G, Li D, Gu Z, Zhang L, Pan Y, et al: The antitumor capacity of mesothelin-CAR-T cells in targeting solid tumors in mice. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 20:556–568. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Cao B, Liu M, Huang J, Zhou J, Li J, Lian H, Huang W, Guo Y, Yang S, Lin L, et al: Development of mesothelin-specific CAR NK-92 cells for the treatment of gastric cancer. Int J Biol Sci. 17:3850–3861. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Fukamachi H, Kim SK, Koh J, Lee HS, Sasaki Y, Yamashita K, Nishikawaji T, Shimada S, Akiyama Y, Byeon SJ, et al: A subset of diffuse-type gastric cancer is susceptible to mTOR inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 38:1272019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Petrelli A, Rizzolio S, Pietrantonio F, Bellomo SE, Benelli M, De Cecco L, Romagnoli D, Berrino E, Orrù C, Ribisi S, et al: BRCA2 germline mutations identify gastric cancers responsive to PARP inhibitors. Cancer Res. 83:1699–1710. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Khalafi S, Zhu S, Khurana R, Lohse I, Giordano S, Corso S, Al-Ali H, Brothers SP, Wahlestedt C, Schürer S and El-Rifai W: A novel strategy for combination of clofarabine and pictilisib is synergistic in gastric cancer. Transl Oncol. 15:1012602022. View Article : Google Scholar

113 

Guan X, Yang J, Wang W, Zhao B, Hu S, Yu D, Yuan L, Shi Y, Xu J, Dong J, et al: Dual inhibition of MYC and SLC39A10 by a novel natural product STAT3 inhibitor derived from Chaetomium globosum suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer. Pharmacol Res. 189:1067032023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

DiPeri TP, Evans KW, Raso MG, Zhao M, Rizvi YQ, Zheng X, Wang B, Kirby BP, Kong K, Kahle M, et al: Adavosertib enhances antitumor activity of trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-expressing Cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 29:4385–4398. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Ajani JA, Xu Y, Huo L, Wang R, Li Y, Wang Y, Pizzi MP, Scott A, Harada K, Ma L, et al: YAP1 mediates gastric adenocarcinoma peritoneal metastases that are attenuated by YAP1 inhibition. Gut. 70:55–66. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu J, Yu B, Wang F and Yang J: Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 64: 41, 2024.
APA
Xu, J., Yu, B., Wang, F., & Yang, J. (2024). Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 64, 41. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5629
MLA
Xu, J., Yu, B., Wang, F., Yang, J."Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 64.4 (2024): 41.
Chicago
Xu, J., Yu, B., Wang, F., Yang, J."Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 64, no. 4 (2024): 41. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5629
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu J, Yu B, Wang F and Yang J: Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 64: 41, 2024.
APA
Xu, J., Yu, B., Wang, F., & Yang, J. (2024). Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 64, 41. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5629
MLA
Xu, J., Yu, B., Wang, F., Yang, J."Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 64.4 (2024): 41.
Chicago
Xu, J., Yu, B., Wang, F., Yang, J."Xenograft and organoid models in developing precision medicine for gastric cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 64, no. 4 (2024): 41. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5629
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team