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The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mingyang Zhang
    • Yimin Huang
    • Qiang Zhang
    • Xiaoyan Zhang
    • Lumei Kang
    • Jianguo Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China, Department of Central Laboratory, Jiaxing Women and Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China, Department of Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 63
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    Published online on: July 2, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5769
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Abstract

Brain tumors are one of the most severe types of malignant tumors and glioma accounts for ~80% of malignant brain tumors. The current treatment methods for glioma are limited and patients with glioma often experience relapse following treatment, which leads to a poor prognosis for these patients. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets and methods urgently need to be explored. The present review screened studies that mainly focused on the epigenetic regulation of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase in glioma. These small GTPases participate in most cellular biological processes, including differentiation, proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis, vesicle and organelle dynamics and transport, nuclear dynamics and cytoskeleton regulation. Due to the diversity and importance of the biological functions of small GTPases, an increasing number of studies have focused on them; however, the incidence of changes in the gene structure of small GTPases is considered to be low in glioma. Several studies have shown that the abnormal expression of genes encoding small GTPases is often influenced by epigenetic regulation in glioma. Epigenetic regulation is a dynamic and reversible process, which implies that the reversal of abnormal epigenetic modifications is a potential treatment strategy for glioma. These previous studies, which are summarized in the present review, not only provide new therapeutic targets and prognostic markers, but also provide information regarding the treatment of glioma. The current review may provide valuable insights for future research and promote the clinical translation of relevant research results.
View Figures

Figure 1

Genetic alteration of small GTPases
in glioma. Glioma (MSK, Clin Cancer Res 2019) and Merged Cohort of
LGG and GBM (TCGA, Cell 2016) in cBioPortal (https://www.cbioportal.org) were selected for
analysis, including mutations, structural alterations and putative
copy-number alterations from GISTIC of relevant genes. * indicates
that not all samples are profiled; ARF, ADP-ribosylation
factor; CDC42, cell division cycle 42; GBM, glioblastoma;
GISTIC, Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer;
LGG, low-grade glioma; MSK, Memorial Sloan Kettering; PCNA,
profiled for copy number alterations; PSV, profiled for structural
variants; RAP1B, RAS-associated protein-1B; RASL10A,
RAS like protein family member 10A; TCGA, The Cancer Genome
Atlas.

Figure 2

Evolutionary tree of small GTPases.
The corresponding protein's amino acid sequences were downloaded
from UniProt (https://www.uniprot.org) and MEGA11
(67) was used to construct the
phylogenetic tree. The visualization of the evolutionary tree was
improved through the EVOLVIEW (https://evolgenius.info//evolview-v2/#mytrees/SHOWCASES/showcase%2001).
ARF, ADP-ribosylation factor; CDC42, cell division
cycle 42; RAP1B, RAS-associated protein-1B; RASL10A,
RAS like protein family member 10A.

Figure 3

Diagram of epigenetic regulation of
small GTPases. Some parts of the figure are referenced from
BioRender (https://BioRender.com/ahn8f6v). AP, autophagosome;
ARF, ADP-ribosylation factor; CDC42, cell division cycle 42; RAC1,
RAC family small GTPase 1; EE, early endosome; ER, endoplasmic
reticulum; ERGIC, ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; GA, Golgi
apparatus; LD, lipid droplet; LE, late endosome; LIMK, LIM domain
kinase; LS, lysosome; MET, mesenchymal to epithelial transition
factor; PAK, p21-activated kinase; RAP1B, RAS-associated
protein-1B; RASL10A, RAS like protein family member 10A; SV,
secretory vesicle; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; circRNA, circular
RNA; miRNA, microRNA.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang M, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Kang L and Wang J: The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review). Int J Oncol 67: 63, 2025.
APA
Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Kang, L., & Wang, J. (2025). The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 67, 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5769
MLA
Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Kang, L., Wang, J."The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67.2 (2025): 63.
Chicago
Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Kang, L., Wang, J."The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67, no. 2 (2025): 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5769
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang M, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Kang L and Wang J: The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review). Int J Oncol 67: 63, 2025.
APA
Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Kang, L., & Wang, J. (2025). The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 67, 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5769
MLA
Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Kang, L., Wang, J."The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67.2 (2025): 63.
Chicago
Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Kang, L., Wang, J."The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67, no. 2 (2025): 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5769
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