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International Journal of Oncology
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Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
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March-2026 Volume 68 Issue 3

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

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International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

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International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

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Review Open Access

Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Sophie Rauschenberg
    • Elisabeth Orgler‑Gasche
    • Didem Karakas Zeybek
    • Ivonne Regel
    • J.-Matthias Löhr
    • Daniel Öhlund
    • Michael Günther
    • Lina Aguilera Munoz

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Halle (Saale), D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Graduate School of Health, Medical Biotechnology, Acibadem University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, 18288 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Diagnostics and Intervention (Oncology) and Wallenberg Centre of Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden, Institute of General Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Department of Pancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital, 92110 Clichy, France
    Copyright: © Rauschenberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 35
    |
    Published online on: January 15, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5848
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Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the seventh leading cause of cancer‑related death worldwide in both men and women. While sex‑specific differences are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of health and disease, particularly in oncology, they remain markedly underexplored in PDAC. Emerging evidence suggests that sex differences influence numerous aspects of PDAC, including treatment response and prognosis. This knowledge gap represents a notable barrier to the development of effective, personalized therapeutic strategies for both sexes. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on sex‑based differences in PDAC, encompassing epidemiology, risk factors, chemotherapy pharmacokinetics and toxicity, prognosis, therapeutic response, immune interactions, tumor microenvironment, tumor microbiota and molecular biomarkers.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Rauschenberg S, Orgler‑Gasche E, Karakas Zeybek D, Regel I, Löhr J, Öhlund D, Günther M and Aguilera Munoz L: <p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>. Int J Oncol 68: 35, 2026.
APA
Rauschenberg, S., Orgler‑Gasche, E., Karakas Zeybek, D., Regel, I., Löhr, J., Öhlund, D. ... Aguilera Munoz, L. (2026). <p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>. International Journal of Oncology, 68, 35. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5848
MLA
Rauschenberg, S., Orgler‑Gasche, E., Karakas Zeybek, D., Regel, I., Löhr, J., Öhlund, D., Günther, M., Aguilera Munoz, L."<p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>". International Journal of Oncology 68.3 (2026): 35.
Chicago
Rauschenberg, S., Orgler‑Gasche, E., Karakas Zeybek, D., Regel, I., Löhr, J., Öhlund, D., Günther, M., Aguilera Munoz, L."<p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 3 (2026): 35. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5848
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Rauschenberg S, Orgler‑Gasche E, Karakas Zeybek D, Regel I, Löhr J, Öhlund D, Günther M and Aguilera Munoz L: <p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>. Int J Oncol 68: 35, 2026.
APA
Rauschenberg, S., Orgler‑Gasche, E., Karakas Zeybek, D., Regel, I., Löhr, J., Öhlund, D. ... Aguilera Munoz, L. (2026). <p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>. International Journal of Oncology, 68, 35. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5848
MLA
Rauschenberg, S., Orgler‑Gasche, E., Karakas Zeybek, D., Regel, I., Löhr, J., Öhlund, D., Günther, M., Aguilera Munoz, L."<p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>". International Journal of Oncology 68.3 (2026): 35.
Chicago
Rauschenberg, S., Orgler‑Gasche, E., Karakas Zeybek, D., Regel, I., Löhr, J., Öhlund, D., Günther, M., Aguilera Munoz, L."<p>Unveiling sex differences in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and future directions (Review)</p>". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 3 (2026): 35. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5848
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