Genistein suppresses the invasive potential of human breast cancer cells through transcriptional regulation of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors

Progression of breast cancer implicates the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) by metallo-proteinases (MMPs), a process with important consequences on the growth and invasiveness of cancer cells in adjacent and distant sites. The isoflavone, genistein - a natural inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase pathway - inhibits the growth of a wide range of cancer cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate: i) the expression of mRNAs encoded for MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) associated with pathogenesis and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells; and ii) the effect of genistein on the transcription of MMPs and TIMPs and the invasive potential of breast cancer cells. Gene expression at transcriptional level was examined in cell cultures of two epithelial breast cancer cell lines, the high invasive (ER-negative) MDA-MB-231 and the low invasive (ER-positive) MCF-7, as well as the normal mammary cells (MCF-12A) following RNA isolation and reversed transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The inhibitory effect of genistein on functional invasiveness was examined by a cell invasion assay. Cell cycle distribution showed that genistein arrested breast cancer MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and BT-20 cells in the G2/M phase. Both normal and breast cancer cell lines express the genes of MMP-2, -9, MT1-, MT2-, MT3-MMP and TIMP-1, -2 and -3. MCF-7 express notably less MMPs than MDA-MB-231 cell line. The addition of genistein resulted in down-regulation of the transcription of all MMP genes in MDA-MB-231 and most of MMPs in MCF-7 cells. The inhibitory effect of genistein on MMPs was functionally confirmed, since it significantly reduced the invasion properties of cancer cells in vitro. The obtained results indicate that genistein may be of great value in prevention of breast cancer cell metastasis, since it represents both a transcriptional modulator of genes involved in this pathogenetic process and a suppressor of breast cancer cell invasiveness.