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Introduction

Urachal carcinoma is a rare non-urothelial carcinoma, accounting for 0.01% of all malignancies and for 0.17–0.34% of all bladder tumors (1,2). Urachal carcinoma is more common among men, and the majority of the patients are aged >50 years (3). Although hematuria is the most common symptom, the disease is usually advanced when this symptom appears (4). As urachal carcinoma frequently invades the bladder at the dome or elsewhere along its midline, which is not easily detected during the early stages, it is often discovered late (5). Furthermore, there is currently no effective treatment for urachal carcinoma, leading to a poor prognosis. We herein report the cases of two patients with urachal carcinoma and urachal mucinous carcinoma. The relevant literature was also reviewed in order to help improve the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease.

Case reports

Case 1

The patient was a 32-year-old man who noted painless hematuria with blood clots for 1 month. There were no obvious precipitating or alleviating factors. On physical examination, there were no positive physical findings and the patient experienced no other discomfort. The results of the laboratory and imaging examinations (hemogram, urinalysis, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, liver and kidney function tests and chest X-ray) were normal. However, urinary tract ultrasonography revealed an abnormal mixed signal at the bottom of the bladder. On further cystoscopy, only a small blood clot was detected. However, computed tomography (CT) revealed a circular hypodense mass located at the top and anterior part of the bladder, sized ~44×43 mm, without enlarged lymph nodes or other sign of metastatic disease (Fig. 1A).

Figure 1. (A) A circular hypodense mass sized ~44×43 mm was located at the top and anterior wall of the bladder, without accompanying enlarged lymph nodes or other sign of metastatic disease. (B) The cystic mass was sized ~57×58 mm and was located in the top and anterior wall of the bladder. (C) Enhanced scan showing heterogeneous enhancement of the mass. A cystic low-density mass of ~26×20 mm was located at the posterior wall of the cervix. Also, at the left attachment area, a 25×18 mm cystic low-density mass was observed.

Following the doctors' recommendation, the patient consented to radical resection of the urachal tumor and partial cystectomy in August, 2015. We found that the lower part of the tumor was connected to the anterior wall of the bladder, whereas the upper part of the tumor was connected with the umbilical region. The tumor was sized ~7×8 cm. On gross pathological examination, the resected specimen was grey-yellow and gray-red, with a diameter of 6 cm. A small area covered by mucosa was identified on the surface, sized ~2.6×1.8 cm. On cross-section, the tumor included two jelly-like nodules; on microscopic examination, the nodules were cystides containing mucus; goblet cells were visible. Adenoid tumor cell formations were observed invading the smooth muscle of the bladder wall. The carcinoma tissue displayed tubular and alveolar cell structures (Fig. 2A and B). The pathological diagnosis was mixed-type urachal adenocarcinoma. Postoperatively, the patient recovered well. After 10 months of follow-up, the patient has no evidence of recurrence on laboratory and imaging examinations. Informed consent was obtained from the patient.

Figure 2. (A) Some goblet cells are visible. The smooth muscle of the bladder wall was invaded by tumor cells arranged in adenoid formations. (B) The carcinoma tissue was composed of cells forming tubular and alveolar structures. (C) The carcinoma tissue was composed of neoplastic cells in tubular and alveolar formations, as well as single cells. The neoplastic cells exhibited heteromorphism and invasive growth.

Case 2

The patient was a 50-year-old woman who presented with gross hematuria with mild dysuria, urgency and frequent urination for 1 year. There was no other discomfort or obvious change. The patient had not received any treatment. The urinary tract ultrasonography revealed an abnormal echo in the bladder and routine urinalysis was positive for occult blood. Further magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive thickening of the bladder wall and the possibility of malignant tumor of the bladder was considered. On cystoscopy, an irregular mass with eroded surface, sized ~6×5 cm, was identified at the top and anterior wall of the bladder. Following admission, blood routine examination (hemoglobin, 83g/l), urine routine examination (white blood cell count, 665.3/µl; red blood cell count, 4,524.8/µl) and measurement of tumor marker levels (carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 67.05 U/l; carcinoembryonic antigen, 7.46 ng/ml; pepsinogen I, 91.6 ng/ml) were performed. The findings on 3D-computed tomographyurography indicated that the cystic mass of the bladder wall was a malignant tumor originating in the bladder or urachus (Fig. 1B and C).

Following correction of the anemia, the patient consented to tumor resection and pelvic lymph node dissection in January, 2016. Intraoperatively, the tumor was located at the top of the bladder, was sized ~6×6 cm and had a cauliflower-like appearance. Grossly, the resected specimen was sized ~8.9×8.5×5.8 cm and included a mass 7.5×6.5×1.9 cm, solid, poorly circumscribed, gray-red and jelly-like, surrounded by grayish mucosa. On microscopic examination, the tumor was composed of neoplastic cells, single or arranged in tubular and alveolar formations. The neoplastic cells exhibited heteromorphism and invasive growth (Fig. 2C). The pathological diagnosis was urachal mucinous adenocarcinoma. Postoperatively, the patient recovered well. After 5 months of follow-up, the patient has no evidence of recurrence on laboratory and imaging examinations. Informed consent was obtained from the patient.

Discussion

The urachus is a canal between the allantois and the early fetal bladder. With the development of the fetus, the urachal lumen progressively disappears, but there remains a small fibromuscular cord connecting the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus, referred to as the median umbilical ligament. There are three distinct layers, an outer smooth muscle layer, an intermediate submucosal connective tissue layer and an inner luminal layer (6). The cells of these three layers, particularly the epithelial cells, may give rise to urachal carcinoma (3).

Primary urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor, first described by Hue and Jacquin in 1863 (7). Approximately 70% of urachal adenocarcinomas are mucin-producing tumors and exhibit calcifications (4). Although hematuria is the most common symptom, the disease is usually advanced when this symptom appears. The common metastatic sites include the lymph nodes, peritoneum and lung. The urachal remnant from the bladder apex tumor towards the umbilicus is not always identified, but it is a crucial finding establishing the diagnosis. Thali-Schwab et al analyzed the results of 25 CT examinations of urachal adenocarcinomas and reported that calcification is the characteristic sign of urachal adenocarcinoma, particularly urachal mucinous adenocarcinoma (8). In the cases reported herein, calcifications were also present.

Urachal carcinomas were divided into five histological subtypes by Grignon et al (9) in 1991 as follows: Intestinal, mucinous, signet ring cell and mixed types (Table I). Molina et al conducted a retrospective study on urachal carcinoma including 49 patients and found that 89% were adenocarcinomas, whereas sarcomas and transitional cell carcinomas represented ~4%. Of the adenocarcinomas, 63.6% may produce mucin (10). The result is similar to those of Paner et al (11). Furthermore, Paner et al also reported that 85% of urachal adenocarcinomas express CDK2 and 50% express cytokeratin 7. In addition, they hypothesized that the expression of the Reg IV protein is associated with the production of mucin, as it is often observed in the mucinous and signet ring cell subtypes, as well as focally in the enteric subtype (11). At present, there are two comparative authoritative theories in diagnosis and staging, namely the Sheldon staging system (Table II) (12) and the Mayo staging system (Table III) (13). The Mayo Clinic conducted a retrospective study of 66 patients and, in cases with the same prediction of cancer-specific mortality, the new Mayo staging system was found to be simpler compared with the Sheldon system (13).

Table I. Urachal cancer histological subtypes as defined by Grignon et al (9).

Table I.

Urachal cancer histological subtypes as defined by Grignon et al (9).

Subtype	Definition
Intestinal	Architecture reminiscent of colon adenocarcinoma
Mucinous	Characterized by a cell or group of cells in a matrix of extracellular mucin
Signet ring	Carcinoma cells spread diffusely through the tissue
Unspecified adenocarcinoma	Pattern does not fit into any of the abovementioned categories
Mixed	Carcinoma exhibiting ≥2 of any of these patterns and none of those represents >75% of the material examined

Table II. Urachal cancer staging system as defined by Sheldon et al (12).

Table II.

Urachal cancer staging system as defined by Sheldon et al (12).

Stage	Definition
I	Urachal cancer confined to urachal mucosa
II	Urachal cancer with invasion confined to urachus itself
IIIA	Local urachal cancer extension to the bladder
IIIB	Local urachal cancer extension to the abdominal wall
IIIC	Local urachal cancer extension to the peritoneum
IIID	Local urachal cancer extension to viscera other than the bladder
IVA	Metastatic urachal cancer to the lymph nodes
IVB	Metastatic urachal cancer to distant sites

Table III. Urachal cancer staging system as defined by the Mayo Clinic (13).

Table III.

Urachal cancer staging system as defined by the Mayo Clinic (13).

Stage	Definition
I	Tumors confined to the urachus and or bladder
II	Tumors extending beyond the muscular layer of the urachus and/or the bladder
III	Tumors infiltrating the regional lymph nodes
IV	Tumors infiltrating non regional lymph nodes or other distant sites

There is currently no effective treatment for this rare disease, and surgery is the main therapeutic option. In order to compare the prognosis of surgical and non-surgical treatment, Pinthus et al conducted a retrospective study including 40 patients with urachal adenocarcinoma and discovered that surgical treatment was associated with higher survival rates (14). There are currently two main surgical treatments, namely partial and radical cystectomy. When comparing partial with radical cystectomy, Bruins et al observed no significant differences in survival (15). However, the recurrence rate following partial cystectomy is higher compared with that for radical cystectomy (3). Thus, extensive tumor resection may be curative in the majority of non-metastatic urachal cancers (16). Furthermore, there is currently no definitive evidence regarding the curative effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

In conclusion, urachal carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that is difficult to diagnose early. We herein present two cases of urachal carcinoma, with the aim to help further elucidate this disease and reduce the rate of clinical and pathological misdiagnosis.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81101922), the Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Shenzhen (nos. JCY20130402114702124 and JCY20150403091443329) and funds from the Guangdong Key Medical Subject.

References